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Background & Objective: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are regarded as one of the most common infectious diseases. A remarkable percent of urinary tract infections are asymptomatic. In some cases of urinary tract infections, significant bacteriuria is not present. One the etiologic agents of culture negative genitourinary tract infections, which can be transmitted through intercourse, is Chlamydia Trachomatis. On the basis of high incidence of negative results of urine culture (Up to 60%) in patients suffering from UTI referring to Bou-Ali infectious hospital and taking into consideration the importance of genitourinary Chlamydial infections, we decided to study prevalence of Chlamydia Trachomatis in urine sample of patients with UTI referring to this hospital. Materials & Methods: This research was a descriptive study on the 320 patients referring to Bou-Ali infectious hospital in Zahedan, which were chosen by non-randomized sampling. One early morning urine sample was taken from these patients. After centrifugation, sediment of samples was used as antigen for Chlamy-check-I ELISA kits. Results: Out of 320 urinary specimens, 95 specimens (29.69%) were positive and 225 specimen (70.31%) were negative for Chlamydia Trachomatis. From 95 positive samples, 43 person (45.2%) were male and 52 person (54.73) were female. In both sexes the highest percent was related to 20-29 years old group. Conclusion: In accordance with above reported prevalence rate and bearing in mind the consequences of inappropriate treatment of Chlamydial infections (PID, infertility, extra uterus pregnancy, epididiomitis) the importance of precise treatment of Chlamydial infection and necessity of providing laboratory facilities for accurate and rapid diagnosis of Chlamydial infections in the area with high incidence of culture negative urine specimens is recommended.

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Background and Objective: Malnutrition in hospital increases the mortality of patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of malnutrition and related risk factors in hospitalized patients. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 446 patients (217 males, 229 females) during 6 months, admitted to the Taleghani hospital in Tehran, Iran during 2005. Anthropometric measurements and previous admission to hospital in previous 6 months for each patient was recorded. Mild, moderate and severe malnutrition were considered as BMI=18-20 kg/m2 and TSF, or MAMC<10th, or weight loss<5% as BMI=16-18kg/m2 and TSF, or MAMC<5th, or weight loss 5-10% and severe as BMI<16kg/m2 and TSF, or MAMC<5th or weight loss>10% in previous 6 months respectively. Results: The prevalence rate of malnutrition as a general was 52% with following subdivision: 14%, 10% and 28% in mild, moderate and severe, respectively. The highest prevalence of malnutrition observed in gastrointestinal ward, males, those aged 18-29 year and patients with secondary and high school education. In malnourished patients, the prevalence of TSF, MAC and MAMC <5th were significantly more than of well-nourished subjects (P<0.05). Increase BMI per unit decreased the risk of malnutrition by 17% (OR: 0.83 CI: 0.79-0.87). Malnutrition was 64% higher in patients with 1≥ gastrointestinal disturbances, compared with those without it and 2.1 higher in patients with 2≥-hospitalized readmission, compared with subjects without readmission in previous 6 month. Odds ratio of at least one hospitalized admission in previous 6 month was 1.64 in patients with MAC <5th, compared with those with MAC 50-75th (P<0.017). Conclusion: This study showed that Malnutrition upon hospitalization is common in Tehran. BMI, gastrointestinal disturbances, and readmission were associated with malnutrition.

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Tissue engineering is based on three main factors including scaffolds, cells and growth factors. Natural scaffolds derived from decellularized tissues and organs have been successfully used in tissue engineering. Decellularization studies have shown that natural scaffolds which maintaine their main structure and properties could be a suitable tool for studying cellular behaviors and preparation of such scaffolds is an important part of future research in biology that may have extensive applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Blastema tissue which is produced after injuries in some organisms has embryonic cell characteristics, and can be a suitable model for evaluation of cell behaviors in various tissues. In this review, the process of decellularization, process involved in preparation of 3D scaffolds derived from extracellular matrix of various tissues including cartilage, bone, gingiva, aorta and bladder, and assessment of their interactions with blastema tissue under in vitro conditions are discussed.

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Background and Objective: Para-nonylphen as an environmental pollutant has weak estrogenic activity and causes oxidative stress in different organs including testis. This study was done to determine the protective effect of vitamin E on the para-nonylphenol induced-testicular toxicity in adult rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups including control, vitamin E (100 mg/kg/day, orally), para-nonylphenol (250mg/kg/day, orally) and finally para-nonylphenol (250mg/kg/day, orally) plus vitamin E (100mg/kg/day, orally). After 56 days of treatment, removal of the right testis, tissue processing and staining with Heidenhain's Azan, the morphometric parameters of testicular tissue was evaluated using stereological method. Results: The mean volume of seminiferous tubules, height of the germinal epithelium, seminiferous tubules diameter, thickness of the basement membrane, number of spermatocyte, spermatid and sertoli cells significantly reduced in para nonylphenol group compared to the controls (P<0.05). These parameters were significantly increased in the para-nonylphenol plus vitamin E group compared to para nonylphenol group (P<0.05). In the histopathological examination, atrophy of seminiferous tubules, germinal epithelium vacuolation and epithelial disarrangement were observed in para nonylphenol group. Histopathological alterations reduced in para-nonylphenol plus vitamin E group compared to para nonylphenol group. Conclusion: Co-administration of vitamin E with para nonylphenol can prevent the adverse effects of para nonylphenol on the testicular tissue in adult rats.

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Background and Objective: Repair of peripheral nerve is one of main challenge in surgery and despite improvement in this field less than 50% of cases have functional improvment. This study was done to evaluate the comparison of epineural and peripheral methods in ulnar nerve repair. Method: In this clinical trial study, 28 patients with ulnar nerve injury in distal of forearm were randomly divided equly into epineural and peripheral surgery methods. After 4 months of surgery, the subjects were examined using with EMG, nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and sensorimotor examination on the first dorsal interosos muscle (FDIM) and abductor digiti minim muscle (ADM). Results: The mean of domain nerve activity, latency nerve activity and NCV in affected upper limb and non affected side had significant differences in epineural and peripheral methods (P<0.05). Latency nerve activity and NCV were similar in both methods. The mean of motor unit potential (MUP) was determined in 71% and 64% of patiants in epineural and peripheral methods, respectively. Muscle activity of FDIM was observed in 64% and 57% of patients in epineural and peripheral methods, respectively. Light touch was determined in 35.7% and 28.5% of patients in epineural and peripheral methods, respectively. Pain was reported in 78.5% and 57% of patients in epineural and peripheral methods, respectively. Conclusion: There was no difference between nerve repair by epineurium and prineurium methods using EMG, NCV and motorosensorial examination.

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Background and Objective: Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for morbid obesity. The classic procedure, jejunoileal bypass, has many complications. This study was carried out to assess the evaluation of clinical complications in morbid obese patients after modified jejunoileal bypass surgery. Method: This descriptive – analytic study was carried out on 120 morbid obese patients referred for bariatric surgery. A modified jejunoileal bypass was performed in which the defunctionalized organ eliminated by anastomosing its ends to the gall bladder and cecum. Weight loss and clinical complications were recorded after one year follow up. Results: The mean weight and body mass index reduced from 136 kg and 48 kg/m2 before surgery to 83 kg and 29/8 kg/m2 after one year follow up, respectively (P<0.05). Before surgery, articular pain (24.3%), dispana (21.6%), cardiovascular disorders (10.8%), fatty liver (5.4%) and sleep disorder (5.4%) due to obesity were recorded. One year follow up after surgery, articular pain (1.5%) and dispana (1.5%) were seen in patiants. No serious post-operative clinical complication was observed. Conclusion: One year follow up after surgery showed that the modified jejunoileal bypass is very effective in reducing body weight and does not lead to serious complication.

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Background and Objective: Sodium Arsenite is an environmental pollutant which can generate free radicals causing tissue damage. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Green Tea (GTE), as a strong antioxidant, on kidney tissue in mice treated with Sodium Arsenite. Methods: In this experimental study 24 adult male NMRI mice were randomly allocated into four groups including: control, GTE (100mg/kg/day), Sodium Arsenite (5mg/kg/day) and Sodium Arsenite + GTE, for 34 days, orally. Animals were scarified and left kidney was taken out, fixed, sectioned, processed and stained using Heidenhain'azan method. Using stereological technique the total volume of kidney, volume of cortex, medulla, proximal and distal tubule, renal corpuscle, gelomerelus, tuft and capillary, membrane and space of Bowman's capsule and length of proximal and distal tubule were determined. Creatinine, BUN and MDA serum samples were measured. Results: The mean of total volume of cortex, proximal tubule, distal tubule, renal corpuscle and gelomerolus, taft, Bowman's capsule space, size of epithelium and lumen of proximal and distal tubule were significantly reduced in Sodium Arsenite group compared to control (P<0.05). These parameters were significantly increased in the Sodium Arsenite + GTE group in comparison with Sodium Arsenite group (P<0.05). The creatinine, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and MDA were significantly increased in the Sodium Arsenite group in compared to the control group (P<0.05). These parameters were significantly reduced in the Sodium Arsenite + GTE group in comparison with Sodium Arsenite group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Green tea has a protective role in Sodium Arsenite induced nephrotoxicity.

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Background and Objective: Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor chemical and as an environmental pollutant is able to generate free radicals causing tissue damage. This study was done to investigate the effect of Nigella sativa oil against BPA induced toxicity on the tissue of male NMRI mice kidney by stereological method.

Methods: In this experimental study 24 adult male NMRI mice (32±3 g) were randomly allocated into control, BPA (200 mg/kg/day), BPA (200 mg/kg/day) plus Nigella sativa oil (5 ml/kg/day) and Nigella sativa oil (5 ml/kg/day) groups and treated for 5 weeks, orally. At the end, animals were sacrificed, their left kidneys were removed, fixed, sectioned, processed and stained with Heidenhain' azan staining method. Then, the kidney tissue sections were evaluated using stereological method and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level was also measured.

Results: The total weight and volume of kidney, volume of cortex, volume of proximal and distal tubules and volume of their lumen, volume of interstitial tissue, volume of glomeruli, tuft, as well as serum MDA level significantly increased in BPA treated group compared to the controls (P<0.05). These parameters were significantly reduced in BPA plus Nigella sativa oil group compared to BPA ones (P<0.05).

Conclusion: This study revealed that Nigella sativa oil can reduce the oxidative stress toxicity induced by BPA in the mice renal tissue.

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Background and Objective: Salmonella is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens responsible for food-borne infections all over the world. Poultry products are widely acknowledged to be a significant reservoir for Salmonella. This study was done to evaluate the antibiotic resistant of Salmonella enterica producer of beta lactamase spectrum in poultry.
Methods: In this descriptive – laboratort study 70 Salmonella enterica serotypes were collected from poultry. All Salmonella isolates were tested to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Twenty-nine antibiotics were used in this study. Klebsiella pneumoniae; ATCC 700603 was used as quality control strains. The isolates were determined to be ESBL-producing Salmonella by the conventional double-disk synergy and genotypic method.
Results: Among 70 salmonella isolates, the most prevalent serotypes were S.typhimurium and S.enteritidis. All serotypes were susceptible to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, oflaxacin, imipenem, enrofloxacin. The common resistance was observed to cephalexin (96%), cefazolin (96%) and cephalotin (65%). Among the 70 Salmonella isolates studied, multi-drug resistance was observed in 59 (84%) isolates. Forty-seven (67%) isolates were found to be ESBL-producing isolates. PCR assay of all isolates showed that 17 isolates (33.3%) carried bala CMY2 gene.
Conclusion: This study showed that antibiotic resistance to Salmonella enterica serotypes is due to beta lactamase enzyme in this strain is considerably increased in poultry.

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Background and Objective: Thyme essential oil is strong antifungal, anti-parasitic and antibacterial due to presence phenolic thymol and carvacrol. Encapsulation is used in order to increase the solubility, protection against oxidation and evaporation and also to improve the effectiveness of essential oils. This study was performed in order to loading Thymus essential oil (Thymus daenensis Celak and Zataria multiflora species) into liposomal vesicles and evaluation of antifungal activity of Zataria multiflora specie encapsulated with nano-systems.
Methods: In this descriptive – laboratory study, liposomes containing Thymus essential oil- were prepared using thin film hydration method. After size reduction, nano-particle was characterized in term of morphology, size, zeta potential and chemical interactions. Effect of phospholipids types, cholesterol content and species of Thymus were investigated on encapsulation efficiency. Finally, the antifungal activity of essential oil of Zataria multiflora specie loaded liposome was evaluated the minimum fungicidal concentration, minimum inhibitory concentration and zone of inhibition against Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
Results: Thymus essential oil loaded into liposome with over 80% efficiency. Optimal formulation contained of 10% cholesterol, 90% soybean phosphatidylcholine phospholipid with 3% of polyethylene glycol and also Thymus essential oil with concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. Nanoparticles were anionic with spherical shape and size less than 100 nm. There was no chemical interaction between liposomes and essential oil. Prepared formulation was chemically stable and the essential oil had not retained during encapsulation. Medicinal-nano system of Zataria multiflora specie was effective in inhibition of the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
Conclusion: The preparation of optimal liposomal formulation containing Thymus essential oil is affected by the type and amount of phospholipid, and it was completely independent of the species of Thymus. Also, Encapsulation increases the anti-fungal activity of essential oil of Zataria multiflora.

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Background and Objective: One of the most common complications of mild cognitive impairment is increased body sway and falls. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of Pilates training on control posture in patients with mild cognitive impairment.
Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 30 women with mild cognitive impairment who referred to elderly Research Center in Kermanshah city, north-west of Iran during 2019. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups including Pilates Training and control groups. Pilates training group was trained for eight weeks, 3 sessions per week and duration for each session was one hour. The control posture of the subjects before and after the exercise was evaluated.
Results: There was significant difference in obtained scores in the size and distance of the center of pressure area range with open and closed eyes in the intervention group, prior and after training (P<0.05). The mean postural control (the size and distance of the center of pressure area range with open and closed eyes) reduced after 8 weeks of Pilates exercises in the intervention group in compared to control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Pilates training is effective in improving postural control in patients with mild cognitive impairment.

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Background and Objective: Loneliness is one of the problems experienced by the aging population, and the lack of social communication plays a major role in the emergence of loneliness. This study was conducted to determine the effects of telenursing on the loneliness of the elderly.
Methods: This field trial was conducted on 100 elderly people over 60 years of age who were selected by convenience sampling from the clients of Gonabad (Iran) community health centers during 2017. The elderly participants were randomly assigned to 2 groups of 50 people, intervention and control. Then, the demographic information questionnaire, the Informant Questionnaire for Cognitive Decline in the Elderly, and Dehshiri et al.'s Loneliness Scale were completed. The intervention group received face-to-face training by the researcher for 2 hours. There was no intervention for the control group, and the elderly received routine care from the family health unit. After the face-to-face meeting, phone calls were made by the researcher to the intervention group for 12 weeks. One month after the end of the intervention, the questionnaires were completed again by the two groups and evaluated and compared.
Results: The mean (standard deviation) score of loneliness was 60.82±21.07 and 57.48±18.76 before the intervention in the intervention and control groups, respectively, and this value after the intervention was 35.06±14.20 and 61.40±18.72, respectively, in the intervention and control groups. After the intervention, a statistically significant difference was found in terms of a reduction in the loneliness score of the elderly in the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that telenursing was effective in reducing the loneliness of the elderly.