---

Background and Objective: Limited studies on the relation between the cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) risk factors and dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) are available. This study was done to determine the association between glycemic index, glycemic load and cardiovascular risk factors in adults. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 2284 subjects (1327 males, 957 females) with 19-84 age in Tehran, Iran during 2005-08. Dietary GI and GL were assessed using a validated semi quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Blood pressure, Anthropometric, fasting blood of glucose and lipid profiles including total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) as a CVDs risk factors were measured. The mean intake of nutrient, adjusted for energy production, gender, age, according to GI and GL, using general linear model analysis covariance test was measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS-15, one-way analysis variance, Chi-Square, partial correlation and Linear regression. Results: The mean intakes of glycemic index and glycemic load were 68.3 and 244.8, respectively. Dietary GI and GL was inversely associated with whole grain and positively associated with refined grained, fruits, dairy products and simple sugar. After adjustment for lifestyle and dietary variables, dietary GI was inversely associated with triglyceride and HDL cholesterol concentrations among obese subjects. Dietary GL was inversely associated with fasting and 2-h blood glucose among non-obese subjects after adjustment for confounders. Conclusion: GI in obese men associated with serum increase triglyceride and reduced HDL-C. Glycemic load in a non-obese man is correlated with reducing fasting blood glucose.

---

Background and Objective: Fanconi anemia is the most prevalent inherited aplastic anemia. Diagnosis based solely on the recognition of clinical symptoms is not reliable. This study was done to determine chromosomal aberrations in patients suspected with the risk of Fanconi anemia in the Eastern Azarbaijan province- Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 20 patients in the Eastern Azarbaijan province-Iran. The cytogenetic method was used to determine type and number of chromosomal disorders. Results: Nine eight and nine patients had co-morbid anemia, platelet deficiency and 9 patients had hand and finger deformities, respectively. Using cytogenetic method, Fanconi anemia was confirmed in 5 (25%) of the cases. The percentage of mitotic abnormalities in the chromosomes without administration of mitomycin C varied between 5-30% in the cultures of the 5 affected and between 0-4% in the 15 unaffected patients with the administration of mitomycin C, the percentages were increased up to 35-78% and 0-20% in affected and unaffected patients, respectively. Conclusion: Fanconi anemia is confirmed precisely in 25% of suspected patients using cytogenetic method.

---

Background and Objective: Due to high prevalence of pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) and pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and its effect on the educational, professional activities and familial behaviors, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of clinical manifestations of pre-menstrual syndrome and pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder in medical students. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was done on 162 female medical students of Golestan University of Medical Sciences in Gorgan, Iran during 2010. Demographic characteristics and PMS and PMDD clinical manifestations questionnaire based on DSM-IV-TR and ACOG criteria was filled for each subject. Results: Mean age and menarche age of subjects was 22.2±2.5 and 13.3±1.2 years, respectively. 145 students (89.5%) were single. 57.4% and 22.8% of participants fulfilled the criteria of PMS and PMDD, respectively. The most frequent affective and somatic symptom was lethargy and fatigability (57.4%) followed by sensation of bloating and weight gain (45.7%). The lowest frequent somatic and affective symptoms were dyspnea (8%) and insomnia (1.2%), respectively. There was significant correlation between the prevalence of PMDD and chronical and menarche age (P<0.05). Conclusion: Pre-menstrual syndrome is a prevalent disorder in medical students of Golestan University of medical sciences in Iran.

---

Background and Objective: Colorectal cancer can significantly cause physical, psychological and social problems. This study was done to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with colorectal cancer in Babol located in north of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional, analytical study was done on 120 (75 males, 45 females) patients with colorectal cancer which registered in the Babol cancer registry in north of Iran during 2008-12. A questionnaire containing demographic information, aspects of the disease and HADS questionnaire was completed by interviewing to assess anxiety and depression for each patient. Results: The prevalence rate of depression and anxiety in patients was 23.4% and 30.8%, respectively. Gender, residency of rural area, and having comorbidities are related to depression among which location was identified as an independent predictor. Urban residency had 79% less risk of depression than rural residents (95% CI=0.06-0.67, OR=0.21, P<0.009). Gender, resident of rural areas, unemployed, having comorbidities, low income and lack of education were associated with anxiety, among which only education was identified as an independent predictor (95% CI=1.32-13.81, OR=4.27, P<0.015). Conclusion: The prevalence of anxiety and depression in colorectal cancer patients was high in this area. Therefore, interventions are recommended to increase awareness and greater attention to rural women and controlling comorbidities.

---

Background and Objective: Propofol is one of the most commonly used drugs in anesthesia with the pain during an injection is a side effect of this drug. This study was conducted to compare the effect of Lidocaine, Magnesium Sulfate, and Ketamine on reducing pain caused by intravenous injection of Propofol in patients Undergoing surgery.
Methods: In this double-blind randomized clinical trial study, 80 patients aged 18 to 65 years were randomly blocked and assigned into four groups including Lidocaine, Ketamine, Magnesium Sulfate and Normal Saline. The pain was measured with the Ambesh Score. Hemodynamic changes of patients were evaluated in 1, 3, and 5 minutes.
Results: The patients in Lidocaine, Ketamine, and Magnesium Sulfate groups with 75%, 70%, and 55%, respectively, did not feel pain after Propofol injection compared to Normal Saline group (25%) (P<0.05). The mean time trend of Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure between the studied groups were significant (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The use of Lidocaine or Ketamine during Propofol injection can be effective in reducing pain during injection in patients undergo surgery.