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Background and Objective: Due to an increase in spontaneous abortions finding a safe and secure method is inevitable. Some medicinal herbs have abortifacient properties. This study was done to determine the effect of abortifacient effect of mulberry white root in mice. Methods: In this experimental study, 50 mice dams were randomly allocated into five groups including control, sham and experimental group 1, 2 and 3. Animals in control group did not receive any substance. Animals in sham group were received normal saline, intraperitoneally. Animals in experimental group 1, 2 and 3 were received doses of 50, 70 and 90 mg/kg/bw of the alcoholic extract of root of mulberry white during the 7th to 12th days of pregnancies, intraperitoneally, respectively. At the 16th day of the pregnancy the uterine tubes of mice were removed and the absorbed fetuses were recorded. Results: The mean of absorb fetuses was 7.4, 7.6, 1.8 and 3.1 in the experimental group 1, 2, 3 and sham, respectively. There was a significant relation between the mean number of aborted fetuses and concentration of strawberry root (P<0.05). The apparent anomaly in fetus was not recorded. Conclusion: Root of mulberry white has abortifacient effect with dose-dependent manner.

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Background and Objective: Alzheimer's disease is an age-related disease that is characterized by dementia and loss of neurons in the brain. It has been shown that brain oxidative stress plays an important role in aging and neurodegenerative disorders. This study was done to evaluate the effect of grape seed extract (GSE) on memory impairment induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in animal model of Alzheimer's disease.

Methods: In this experimental study, Eighty adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into control, sham, grape seed extract (100 mg/kg/bw, 30 days, orally) plus STZ and STZ plus grape seed extract. Animals memory were evaluated using Morris water maze, shuttle box and T maze tests.

Results: Intracerebroventricular injection of STZ caused memory corruption in all tests. Administration of GSE before and after of administration of intracerebroventricular STZ in the Morris water maze test, significantly reduced latency to get to the hidden platform compared to Alzheimer's group (P<0.05). The latency to enter the dark compartment in passive avoidance memory test significantly increased in compare to animal model of Alzheimer's disease (P<0.05). The selection of the right arm of the T-maze test in animals that received grape seed extract before and after of STZ injection significantly increased compared to animal model of Alzheimer's disease(P<0.05).

Conclusion: Grape seed extract has important effect in prevention and improving memory impairment induced by intracerebventricular injection of STZ.

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Background and Objective: Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder. Plantago major (P.major) is used in traditional medicine due to flovonoids and vitamic C and antioxidant properties. This study was done to evaluate the hydro alcoholic extract of Plantago major L. on pentilentetrazol-induced seizures in male mice.

Methods: In this experimental study, 50 NMRI male mice randomly allocated into control and four experimental groups. Seizures in animals induced by 60 mg/kg/bw of pentilentetrazol (PTZ), interperitoneally. Animals in experimental groups were received 5, 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg/bw of hydro alcoholic extract of Plantago major L. 30 min before each PTZ injection. The animals in control group were received saline, interperitoneally. After treatment, the behavior of animals during 20 minutes and mortality rate were recorded.

Results: Seizure threshold of animals significantly increased in experimental groups which were received 50, 25, 10 mg/kg/bw of P.major extract in comparision with controls (P<0.05). Mortality rate of animals significantly reduced in experimental groups which were received 50, 25, 10 mg/kg/bw of P.major extract in comparision with controls (P<0.05).

Conclusion: The hydro-alcoholic extract of Plantago major L. reduces seizure threshold in pentilentetrazol-induced seizures mice.

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Background and Objective: Different physical activities affect on anti-oxidative system. Varity, period and intensity of activities are necessary in health improvement. This study was carried out to determine the effect of medium period of progressive anaerobic training on serum level of superoxide dismutase and Catalase in female rats.

Methods: In this experimental study, 30 female rats were randomly allocated into control and anaerobic training groups. The training program lasted for 8 weeks with control (without activity) and anaerobic including 3 sessions in a week with speed of 24-30 meters per minute in slope range (515) for 30 seconds.

Results: Serum level of superoxide dismutase was significantly increased in progressive anaerobic training group (109.1±17.3 U/ml) in compare to controls (98.8±12.8 U/ml) (P<0.05). Serum level of Catalase was 51.2±7.2 and 48.4±4.2 U/ml in control and progressive anaerobic training, respectively. This difference was not significant.

Conclusion: The medium period of progressive anaerobic training influences serum level of superoxide dismutase and Catalase in female rats.

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Background and Objective: Tamoxifen is one of the selective estrogen receptor modulators that exerts estrogen / anti-estrogen effects in various tissues. This study was done to evaluate the effect of chronic administration of tamoxifen on spatial memory and passive avoidance task in adult male Wistar rats.

Methods: In this experimental study, 48 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, sham and tamoxifen groups. Animals in sham and tamoxifen groups were received tamoxifen solution and tamoxifen (400mg/kg/day) orally for 35 consecutive days. At the end of treatment, spatial learning and memory of animals was assessed using the Morris water maze task and passive avoidance memory was examined using the shuttle box.

Results: The time spent and distance moved to reach the platform, significantly increased in tamoxifen group compared to controls (P<0.05). In addition, the time spent and distance moved in the target quadrant (in the probe test) significantly reduced in tamoxifen group in compared to controls (P<0.05). In passive avoidance task, tamoxifen significantly decreased the time of the entrance to the dark room compared to control animals (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Long-term administration of tamoxifen impairs spatial learning and memory and passive avoidance memory in rats.

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Background and Objective: Acetaminophen is a commonly used analgesic and antipyretic agent which, in high doses, causes liver and kidney necrosis in man and animals. Carthamus tinctorius L. (Safflower) is a colorful and cheap plant that used often instead of saffron. In this study, protective effects of Carthamus tinctorius L. aqueous extract on acetaminophen induced nephrotoxicity in mice were investigated.

Methods: In this experimental study, forty adult NMRI male mice were randomly divided into five groups. Group 1 (control group) received normal salin for 15 days. Group 2 received 300 mg/kg Carthamus tinctorius L. extract for 15 days. Group 3 received normal salin for 15 days and 500 mg/kg acetaminophen was given in 15^th day. Groups 4 and 5 received daily 150 and 300 mg/kg Carthamus tinctorius L. extract for 15 days, respectively, and acetaminophen was also given in 15^th day. In 16^th day, blood samples were taken for BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), Cr (Creatinine) and Uric acid tests, and the mice kidneys were removed for histopathology assessments.

Results: Acute renal necrosis and BUN, Cr and Uric acid levels were significantly increased in acetaminophen treated mice (P<0.05). BUN, Cr and Uric acid levels were significantly reduced in the Carthamus tinctorius L. treated groups in comparison to acetaminophen group (P<0.05) and this reduction was greater in group 5. Carthamus tinctorius L. extract also reduced tubular necrosis-induced by acetaminophen.

Conclusion: Carthamus tinctorius L. extract have protective effects on acute renal injury induced by acetaminophen.

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Background and Objective: Resveratrol is a phenolic herbal compound which has been proposed as antioxidant in combinational therapy of diabetes, cancer and some neurodegenerative diseases. This study was done to evaluate additive effect of trans-resveratrol and imipramine to reduce depressive symptoms in the forced swimming test in mice.

Methods: In this experimental study, 56 Swiss Webster male mice were randomly allocated into 6 groups including negative control group (normal saline), positive control (imipramine (10 mg/kg/bw), experimental groups; trans resveratrol (10 mg/kg/bw), Imipiramine (10 mg/kg/bw) and mixtures (with ratio of 1:1 of resveratrol with imipramine (2.5 mg/kg/bw, 5 and 10 mg/kg/bw), intraperitoneally. The forced swimming test has been done for all groups. Through swimming of animals in water, the immobilization times of animals as depressive symptom were recorded.

Results: The immobilization times significantly reduced in animals which were received imipramine
10 mg/kg/bw in compare to control group (P<0.05). The immobilization times of animals were received resveratrol injection 10 mg/kg/bw with imipramine 10 mg/kg/bw was determined which it was significantly effective than imipramine10 mg/kg/bw, alone (P<0.05). The antidepressant effectiveness of resveratrol injection 5 mg/kg/bw is similar to resveratrol (2.5 mg/kg/bw) with imipramine (2.5mg/kg/bw). is similar to resveratrol (2.5 mg/kg) with imipramine (2.5 mg/kg/bw) (P<0.05). Also, antidepressant effect of intraperitoneal administration of resveratrol 10 mg/kg was significantly more than imipramine
10 mg/kg/bw (P<0.05).

Conclusion: According to additive effect of imipramine with resveratrol we can suggest resveratrol in combinations with other antidepressants to lower their doses and related side effects of chemical drugs.

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Background and Objective: Hydroalcholic extract of Peppermint is traditionally used for gastrointestinal disorders. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Peppermint extract on the mice colon motor activity following immobilization stress.

Methods: In this experimental study, 30 male Albino mice were randomly allocated into the three groups; including control, stress and stress + Peppermint oil groups (n=10). The second group as a stress group exposed to immobilization stress for four hours during three days. Third group as stress plus Peppermint oil group was exposed to stress in addition to administration of 27 mg/kg/bw Peppermint oil intraperitoneally prior to stress. After three days, intestinal and peristaltic activity was recorded using pressure transducer from in vitro segments of colon (4-5 cm in length. Also, fecal weight, food intake and body weight was measured for each mouse for in vivo condition.

Results: The mean±SD of fecal weight after three times stress immobilization was 1.36±0.71, 1.06±0.6 and 0.47±0.39 gr in control, stress and Stress + Peppermint oil groups, respectively (P<0.05). The mean±SD of internal luminal pressure after three times stress immobilization was 4.47±1.15, 3.48±1.25 and 0.77±0.37 mm/hg in control, Stress and stress + Peppermint oil groups, respectively (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Peppermint oil is a strong inhibitor for colon motor activity following immobilization stress.

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Background and Objective: Gentamicin can cause cell destruction by generating active oxygen species leading to hepatotoxicity. This study was done to determine the effect of Dianthus carryophyllu extract on the Gentamicin induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats.

Methods: In this experimental study, 49 mature wistar rats, were randomly allocated into 7 groups including, control; Sham (saline interaperitonely); experimental group 1 was treated with 100 mg/kg/bw clove essence; experimental group 2 were received 100 mg/kg/bw of Gentamicin; and experimental groups 3, 4 and 5 were received 100 mg/kg/bw of Gentamicin along with 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/bw of hydro alcoholic extract of Dianthus carryophyllu (clove), respectively for 28 days. Blood samples were taken and serum activities of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and serum concentration of total protein and albumin were measured.

Results: The serum level of aspartate transaminase and Alanine transaminase significantly increased in experimental group 2 in compared to the sham and control groups (P<0.05). Alkaline Phosphatase concentration significantly reduced in experimental groups 2 and 3 in comparision with sham and control groups (P<0.05). Albumin and total protein concentration significantly reduced in experimental groups 2 and 3 in compare to the sham and control groups (P<0.05). In histological examination, cell necrosis, fat accumdation and mononocular cell accumulation reduced in experimental groups 5 in compare to Gentamicin treated group.

Conclusion: Dianthus carryophyllu hydro alcoholic extract is able to protect against enzyme alterations and hepatotoxicity induced by Gentamicin.

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Background and Objective: Hyperlipidemia can be considered as one of the main risk factor, involved in cardiovascular disease and it is a major cause of death. This study was done to determine the effect of air part of Echinophora platyloba extract on Pituitary - thyroid axis hormones and lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic rats.

Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 5 groups (n=8) including control group with normal diet, hypercholesterolemic group along with high cholesterol diet, and the three treatment groups with hypercholesterolemia which animals were received daily doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg/bw of the hydroalcoholic extract of Echinophora platyloba, respectively by gavage during 42 days. At the end of this period, blood sample was obtained. Lipid profile, including total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid hormone stimulation (TSH) were measeared using Radioimnoassay method.

Results: The level of LDL and cholesterol and TG, significantly reduced in treated group receiving the lowest dose of the extract (100 mg/kg/bw) in compare to hypercholesterolemic group (P<0.05). The level of HDL, TSH and T4 significantly increased in the treated group receiving the highest doses of the extract (300 mg/kg/bw) in compare to hypercholesterolemic group (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Echinophora platyloba extract dose dependly can alter Pituitary- thyroid axis hormones and lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic rats.

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Background and Objective: The anti inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant of Sambucus ebulus L. have been reported in several studies. This study was done to assess the repelling property of the methalonic and hexanic extracts of Sambucus ebulus L. against the Culex pipiens.

Methods: In this experimental study, Sambucus ebulus L. collected from the natural inhabitants of Mazandran province in northern Iran. Methalonic and hexanic extraction were provided from the leaf and fruit of Sambucus ebulus L. Concentration of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg was prepared. 0.4 ml of the extract prepared and was spreed on the albino skin area of 4×6 cm². After 30 minutes the number of the mosquito (Culex pipiens) bites on the skin was recorded. N, Ndiethyl-3 methyl benzamide was considered as positive control.

Results: The highest repelling property of the Sambucus ebulus L. belonged to the concentration of
250 mg/kg of leaf and fruit extraction. The highest repelling effect was 80% and 66.8% for leaf methalonic and hexanic extract, respectively. The highest repelling effect was 84% and 72% for fruit metalonic and hexanic extract, respectively (P<0.05).

Conclusion: The methalonic extract of Sambucus ebulus L. had higher repelling efficiency compared to the hexanic extract. The fruit extract also had better effect than the leaf extract.

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Background and Objective: Ferula assa foetida (Ferula assa-foetida L.) is an herbaceous wild plant native to Iran which is used in the traditional medicine for treating stomach and intestinal disorders. This study was done to determine the antidiarrheal effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Ferula assa foetida in rat.

Methods: In this experimental study, Wistar adult male rats randomly allocated into negative control, positive control and interventional groups. Animals in negative control groups were recived normal salin orally. Animals in positive control groups were recived Atropine (0.1 mg/kg/bw) for evaluation of intestinal propulsive movement and Loperamide (3 mg/kg/bw) for evaluation of diarrhea. In interventional group 1, 2 and 3 animals were received hydroalcoholic extract of Ferula assa foetida 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/bw, resepectively. One hour after administration of extracts and medicine diarrhea induced using castor oil in animals. Induced diarrhea, intestinal propulsive movement and intestinal fluid accumulation were evaluated in rats.

Results: Gavage of the extract (5 g/kg) did not produce any toxic effect in rats. The mean peristaltic index in Gavage for doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/bw, control and atropine groups was 97.00%, 65.88%, 62.23%, 86.19% and 52.86%, respectively. The extract at the lowest dose in combination with atropine was significantly reduced peristaltic index rather than of the atropin alone (P<0.05). The extract produced a non-significant reduction in the volume of intestinal fluid accumulation and propulsive movement in the castor oil-induced intestinal transit in rats. In a dose-dependent manner, the extract delayed the onset of diarrhea. Loperamide and highest dose of extract (400 mg/kg/bw) produced a significant reduction in the frequency of defecation and severity of diarrhea (P<0.05).

Conclusion: The hydroalcoholic extract of F. assa foetida showed anti-diarrheal activity due to its inhibitory effect on intestinal fluid accumulation.

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Background and Objective: The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is considered to be the main barrier to drug transport into the central nervous system. In this study, the capability of biopartitioning micellar chromatography (BMC) using the mixed micellar system of Brij-35/sodium dodecyl sulfate (Brij-35/SDS, 85:15 mol/mol) has been studied to predict pharmacokinetic parameter (BBB penetration ability) of 14 basic drugs.

Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the potential of BMC using mixed micellar system (Brij-35/SDS, 85:15 mol/mol) in 0.04 M at physiological pH 7.4 was evaluated to predict pharmacokinetic parameter (BBB penetration ability) of 14 basic drugs. The regression model for the prediction of blood-brain distribution coefficient is derived from the multiple linear regression analysis using the training set in mixed micellar mobile phase. Also, the predictive ability of model was evaluated for a prediction set of 5 compounds (Chlorpromazine, Mianserin, Propranolol, Cimetidine, and Thioridazine). The fair R2 indicates good stability and predictive ability of the developed model for the drugs not included in modeling.

Results: The relationship between the BMC retention data of 14 basic drugs and their log BB parameter showed a good statistically model (R2=0.822, F=25.42, SE=0.225, R2CV=0.781).

Conclusion: This study points out the usefulness of mixed micellar solution of Brij-35/SDS, 85:15 (mol/mol) in BMC as a high-throughput primary screening tool that can provide key information about the blood-brain distribution of basic drugs in a simple and economical way.

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Background and Objective: Aging eldely is associated with impaired angiogenesis, glomerulosclerosis and increased susceptibility to nephrotoxic injury. This study was done to compare the independent and combined effect of aerobic exercise and garlic extract on the levels of renal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in eldely rats.

Methods: In this experimental study, 35 aged eldely male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 5 groups including control, sham, garlic (2.5 g/kg/bw), aerobic exercise, garlic plus exercise. The animals exercised by swimming training at 5 min to 60 min per day, 3 days a week over 8 weeks. Animals in garlic plus exercise were received garlic extract (2.5 g/kg/bw) and swimming training. The renal TGF-β1 and VEGF level were evaluated by ELIZA method.

Results: 8 weeks swimming training, garlic supplementation and the combined intervention were associated with a significant increased the renal VEGF and reduced TGF-β1 level (P<0.05). There was no difference between swimming training, garlic supplementation and garlic plus exercise on renal VEGF and TGF-β1 levels in aged rats.

Conclusion: It seems that the protective role of regular swimming training, garlic supplementation and the combined intervention in the renal aging process meight in part be related to their ability to attenuate TGF- β1 and up regulating VEGF.

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Background and Objective: Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor chemical and as an environmental pollutant is able to generate free radicals causing tissue damage. This study was done to investigate the effect of Nigella sativa oil against BPA induced toxicity on the tissue of male NMRI mice kidney by stereological method.

Methods: In this experimental study 24 adult male NMRI mice (32±3 g) were randomly allocated into control, BPA (200 mg/kg/day), BPA (200 mg/kg/day) plus Nigella sativa oil (5 ml/kg/day) and Nigella sativa oil (5 ml/kg/day) groups and treated for 5 weeks, orally. At the end, animals were sacrificed, their left kidneys were removed, fixed, sectioned, processed and stained with Heidenhain' azan staining method. Then, the kidney tissue sections were evaluated using stereological method and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level was also measured.

Results: The total weight and volume of kidney, volume of cortex, volume of proximal and distal tubules and volume of their lumen, volume of interstitial tissue, volume of glomeruli, tuft, as well as serum MDA level significantly increased in BPA treated group compared to the controls (P<0.05). These parameters were significantly reduced in BPA plus Nigella sativa oil group compared to BPA ones (P<0.05).

Conclusion: This study revealed that Nigella sativa oil can reduce the oxidative stress toxicity induced by BPA in the mice renal tissue.

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Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion and action, or even both of them. Proveskia abrotanoides has anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. This study was done to evaluate the effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Proveskia abrotanoides on blood glucose and liver enzymes level in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 60 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into including healthy control, healthy received Glibenclamide, healthy -treated with 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg/bw of Proveskia abrotanoides extract, diabetic control, diabetic treated with 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg/bw of extract, positive control (diabetic treated with the Glibenclamide). After the treatments, the blood samples were taken from the animals and the level of blood glucose and liver enzymes including ALT, AST, and ALP were measured. Finally, the effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Proveskia abrotanoides was compared with Glibenclamide as a conventional drug.
Results: The results showed a significant increase in liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) in hyperglycemic rats compared to the healthy controls (P<0.05). The mean of AST, ALT and ALP enzymes in hyperglycmia group were 286.83±7.46, 172.16±5.74, 526.17±8017, respectively while in healthy control it was 239±12.16, 100±2.42 and 196.33±6.82, respectively. In hyperglycemic rats treatment with doses of 150, 300, and 600 significantly reduced liver enzymes levels in compare to hyperglycemic contol group (P<0.05). In group treated with 150 mg/kg/bw, the average of ALP, AST, and ALT enzymes was 160.67±6.29, 127.33±5.23 and 260.33±7.18, respectively. The mean of ALP, AST, and ALT enzymes in group treated with 300 mg/ kg/bw was 197.5±6.71, 144.33±8.82 and 201.67±9.60, respectively. In group treated with 600 mg/kg/bw, the mean of ALP, AST, and ALT enzymes was 192.23±8.23, 111.17±6.13 and 329±7.43, respectively. The hydro-alcoholic extract of Proveskia abrotanoides significantly reduced serum glucose and liver enzymes in comparison with Glibenclamide group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The hydro-alcoholic extract of Proveskia abrotanoides reduces liver enzymes and blood glucose level in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

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Background and Objective: Oxidative stress causes disorder in the brain processes including memory. Pistacia atlantica kurdica (pistachio) contains antioxidant compounds, oleic and linoleic acid. Fluvoxamine is an antidepressant medicine which inhibits serotonin reuptake. This study was done to determine the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of pistachio and fluvoxamine on spatial memory of male rats under immobilization stress.
Methods: This experimental study was done on 30 adult male Wistar rats in 5 groups (n=6). The control group was not under immobilization stress. Animals in the stress group were just under immobilization stress. Animals in the pistachio group were under immobilization stress and were received 400 mg/kg/bw hydroalcoholic extract of pistachio. Animals in the fluvoxamine group under immobilization stress were received 120 mg/kg/bw fluvoxamine. Animals under immobilization stress, in the pistachio plus fluvoxamine group were received 400 mg/kg/bw hydroalcoholic extract of pistachio and fluvoxamine 120 mg/kg/bw. The radial arm maze test was used for evaluation of spatial memory. After the animals’ decapitation, the malondialdehyde and catalase level in hippocampus and the serum level of corticosterone and blood glucose were measured.
Results: The stress significantly increased the time of reaching to target, malondialdehyde, corticoestron and blood glucose level, and reduced the catalase in stress group in comprasion with controls (P<0.05). In the pistachio and the pistachio+fluvoxamine treated groups, the time of reaching to target, malondialdehyde, corticoestron and blood glucose level significantly reduced and the catalase level significantly increased in comprasion with stress group (P<0.05) but fluvoxamine significantly increased the time of reaching to target, malondialdehyde and blood glucose, and reduced the corticoestron and catalase in compared to controls (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The immobilization stress led to attenuation of spatial memory and the fluvoxamine administration as an antidepressant drug caused to deterioration of memory,while the treatment with pistachio extract lead to improve the memory.

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Background and Objective: The consequence of excessive usage of phosphate fertilizers, in addition to the accumulation of phosphorous in excess, is to create competition with the absorption of micronutrients, especially zinc and, most importantly, the accumulation of pollutants such as cadmium in agricultural products. This study was done to determine the effect of Hydro-alcoholic extract of Curcumin on the levels of liver enzymes in rats treated with cadmium chloride.
Methods: This experimental study was done on 56 adult male Wistar rats which allocated into 8 equal groups including control group: animals in this group were received normal saline, intraperitonally. Sham: animals in this group were received olive oil, intraperitonally. Cadmium group: animals in this group were received Cadmium with dosage 1.5 mg/kg/bw, intraperitonally. Curcumin group: animals in this group were received 120 mg/kg/bw of Curcumin, intraperitonally. The interventional group 1: animals in this group were received Cadmium with dosage 1.5 mg/kg/bw, and 30 mg/kg Curcumin, intraperitonally. The interventional group 2: animals in this group were received Cadmium with dosage 1.5 mg/kg/bw and 60 mg/kg/bw of Curcumin, intraperitonally. The interventional group 3: animals in this group were received Cadmium with dosage 1.5 mg/kg/bw and 120 mg/kg/bw of Curcumin, intraperitonally. After 21 days, the rats were sacrified and the liver enzymes including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured by spectrophotometer method.
Results: The concentration of AST, ALT and ALP in cadmium group were significantly increased in compare to controls (P<0.05). The concentration of liver enzymes in Curcumin group was reduced in compare to controls (P<0.05). The enzymes concentration in the interventional groups 1, 2 and 3 were significantly reduced in compare to the cadmium group (P<0.05). The enzymes concentration in the interventional groups 1, 2 and 3 were significantly increased in compare to controls (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Hydroalcoholic Curcumin extract can reduces the increasing of liver enzymes induced by cadmium in rats.

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Background and Objective: Liver is an important organ with specific function in relation to drug metabolism. Haloperidol is a drug for the treatment of schizophrenia, mania in bipolar disorder and dizziness. This study was performed to determine the changes in tissue and hepatic enzymes in male rats born to mothers treated with haloperidol.
Methods: In this experimental study, 25 adult female Wistar rats were allocated into 5 groups. The control group, the sham group and experimental groups 1, 2, 3. Dams in experimental groups 1, 2, 3 in the pregnancy period were received 12.5, 25 ,50 mg/kg /bw of haloperidol for 21 days orally, respectively. The control groups were sham and three experimental, first, second and third experimental groups. Mothers of mice received 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg of haloperidol during the pregnancy as 21 days of gavage. At the end of pregnancy and 22 days of infant, all infants were weighed. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate transaminase (AST), albumin and total protein were measured by autoanalysis and liver tissues were stained using hepatoxylin-eosin method.
Results: The mean concentration of albumin and total protein in the second and third experimental groups significantly reduced in compare to control group (P<0.05). The mean concentration of AST in the second and third experimental groups significantly increased in comparsion with control group (P<0.05). The mean concentration of ALT and ALP in all experimental groups was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). The mean of liver indices in all experimental groups was not significant in comparison with the control group. In the tissue samples of the experimental groups, necrosis was observed with increasing dosage.
Conclusion: Haloperidol has been shown to increase liver enzymes and liver necrosis and increase liver necrosis in a dose-proportional manner.

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Background and Objective: Sodium meta-bisulphite is used as a preservative in food and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin E on the improvement of sodium-meta bisulphite-induced complications on ovarian tissue and sex hormones in rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 70 adult Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 7 groups including control, sham and interventional groups were received vitamin E (200 mg/kg/bw), sodium metabisulfite (520 mg/kg/bw), and sodium meta-bisulphite (520 mg/kg/bw) was combined with vitamin E in 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/bw doses. Prescriptions were taken as gavage for 30 days. Blood samples were taken from animals to measure LH, FSH, estrogen and progesterone hormones. Ovaries were removed and follicles were counted after tissue sections.
Results: The concentration of estrogen hormones, progesterone, LH, FSH and number of ovarian follicles in the groups receiving sodium meta-bisulphite and vitamin E alone was significantly lower than control group (P<0.05). In animals treated with sodium meta-bisulphite and vitamin E at 100 and 200 mg/kg/bw, no significant difference was observed. However, in animals which were simultaneously treated with meta-bi-sulfite sodium and vitamin E at dose 100 and 200 mg/kg, in compared with the control group, significant improvement was not observed.
Conclusion: Sodium meta-bisulphite consumption with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of vitamin E can reduce the effect of sodium meta-bisulphite on ovarian follicles and sex hormones.