---

Background and Objective: Although lifestyle-related factors have separately been examined in relation to functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), there is no epidemiologic data on the combined association of lifestyle factors with these conditions. We aimed to examine how combinations of several lifestyle factors were associated with functional dyspepsia (FD), its symptoms and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) in a large group of Iranian adults.

Methods: This descriptive -analytic study was conducted on 3363 Iranian adults (19-70 yr), whom were working in 50 health centers across Isfahan province in Iran during 2012. We used easy non-random sampling to select participants. The “healthy lifestyle score” for each participant was calculated by summing up the binary score given for five lifestyle factors, including dietary habits, dietary intakes, psychological distress, smoking and physical activity. A dish-based 106-item semi-quantitative validated food frequency questionnaire, General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire and other pre-tested questionnaires were used to assess the components of healthy lifestyle score. A validated Persian version of ROME III questionnaire was used, to assess functional gastrointestinal disorders.

Results: The prevalence of FD and GERD among study participants was 14.5 and 23.6%, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that individuals with the highest score of healthy lifestyle had 79 and 74% lower odds of FD (95% CI: 0.05-0.92, OR: 0.21, P=0.03) and GERD (95% CI: 0.09-0.69, OR: 0.26, P=0.01), respectively, compared with those with the lowest score. They were also less likely to have early satiation (95% CI: 0.11-0.73, OR: 0.28, P=0.001), postprandial fullness (95% CI: 0.09-0.50, OR: 0.22, P<0.001) and epigastric pain (95% CI: 0.21-0.92, OR: 0.44, P=0.03). In addition to the combined healthy lifestyle score, low levels of psychological distress, a healthy diet, healthy dietary habits and non-smoking were separately associated with FGIDs (P<0.05).

Conclusion: This study showed that adherence to a healthy lifestyle was associated with lower odds of GERD, FD and its symptoms in this group of Iranian adults. Individual lifestyle-related factors were also associated with these conditions.

---

Background and Objective: HIV treatment influences the global health and finding new compounds against HIV virus is increased. This study was done to evaluate anti-HIV activity of 8-phenyl-4-quinolone derivatives containing different substituents at position 3.

Methods: In this descriptive study, single cycle replicable (SCR) HIV Virions were produced by co-transfecting HEK 293T cells with pmzNL4-3, pSPAX.2, pMD2.G plasmids. HeLa cells were infected with the SCR virions and then inhibit of virus replication by compounds were measured by p24 Antigen with ELISA kit. The cytotoxicity of these compounds on HeLa cells were measured by XTT method.

Results: All compounds including NPZ_4F, NPZ-2F, NPZ-4CL and NPZ-2CL had the best inhibitory effect at a concentration of 100µM with the inhibition rate of respectively 51%, 48%, 33%, and 25%, respectively. The compounds of NPZ-4F and NPZ-2CL had negligible cellular toxicity and have inhibited HIV replication at the highest concentration. This issue can make them a valuable compound since they are better compounds in therapeutic terms, which at a suitable concentration, they have the lowest rate of cellular toxicity and highest power to inhibit HIV replication.

Conclusion: Novel compounds derived from 8-phenyl-4-quinolone containing different substituents at position 3 can prevent HIV replication which is capable of high anti-viral and low cellular toxicity and suitable candidates for further investigation in antiviral studies.

---

Background and Objective: Patients experience full stress condition after open heart surgery. Foot reflexology massage has a potential impact on the comfort of patients with special care. This study was done to evaluate the effect of soles of feet reflexology massage on feeling of comfort in open heart surgery patients.
Methods: This clinical trial study was done on 70 patients who were divided into intervention and control groups using permutable blocking method. 35 patients in interventional group were received Soles of feet Reflexology Massage after mesearment of vital sigins for six days. 35 patients in the control group did not receive any intervention received routine care. Data gathering tools were demographic items and HCQ questionnaire, which was completed in two stages, 24 hours after surgery, before massage and the 6th day after massage.
Results: The mean total comfort score in the intervention group was 103.1±9.04 and 110.63±7.6 before and after the intervention, respectively. This differnce was not significant. The mean total comfort score in control group was 105.14±10.37 and 111.29±7.56 perior and the end of study, respectively, this difernce was not significant. Also, there was no significant difference between considering the mean scors of comfort between the tow in the intervention and control groups.
Conclusion: Reflexotherapy massage had no effect on feeling of comfort in open heart surgery patients.

---

Background and Objective: Marriage disturbance and dissatisfaction in marital life have important consequences for the family. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of emotion focused couple therapy (EFCT) on marriage function and psychological well-being of women with marrital conflicts.
Methods: This clinical trial study was done on 53 women with marrital conflicts reffered to Binesh, Rastin and Education Counseling Centers in Gorgan, northern Iran during 2016. The participants were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The Ryff’s psychological well-being scale made and marriage function assessment inventory made were completed before, one week and eight weeks after intervention by the participants. Counselling with EFCT approach was performed for intervention group through 15 group sessions, once a week and lasted for 90-120 minutes. The follow up was done two months later. The marriage function and psychological well-being scores were recorded for each participant at the end of the study and two months after the end of intervention.
Results: At the end of 15 intervention sessions, the mean score of marriage function was significantly higher in intervention group (263.32±22.15) Compared to control group (162.39±31.56) (p<0.05). Also, the mean score of psychological well-being was significantly higher in intervention group (372.48±35.69) compared to control group (237.57±42.38) (p<0.05). Two months after the end of study, the mean score of marriage function of intervention group (268.56±22.95) was significantly more than control group (145.32±11.96) (p<0.05). Also, the mean score of psychological well-being was significantly higher in intervention group (398.64±22.35) in comparsin with controls (201.50±13.32) (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Emotion focused couple therapy promotes marriage function and psychological well-being of women with marrital conflicts through the de-escalation of negative cycles of interaction, changing interactional positions and facilitating the emergence of new solutions to old problems.

---

Background and Objective: Divorce as a life crisis can lead to emotional and behavioral problems. This study was done to determine the effectiveness of group based reality therapy based on Glasser choice theory on the general health and obsessive beliefs of divorced women.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 30 divorced women were non-randomly divided into the two interventions and control groups (15 participants in each group). Perior of the study the general health questionnaire (GHQ) (anxiety, social function, somatic symptoms and depression) and obsessive thoughts questionnaire (OBQ-44) (responsibility, perfectionisn and importance of thoughts) were completed by subjects in both groups. Counselling with Glasser approach was performed for intervention group through 8 group sessions once a week and lasted for 120 minutes. Control group received no intervention. At the end of the study, Post-test was performed from both groups.
Results: Group training based on reality therapy in intervention group's participants caused a significant reduction in all items of the two variables, general health and obsessive thoughts in compared to the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Group based reality therapy based on Glasser choice theory improves general health of divorced women and reduces their obsessive beliefs.

---

Background and Objective: Irrational beliefs underlie a wide range of cognitive impairments. This study was performed to compare the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on irrational beliefs of medical students.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 45 medical students of Golestan University of Medical Sciences in north of Iran were non-randomly divided into control, cognitive-behavioral therapy (first intervention) and acceptance, commitment therapy (second intervention) groups. All three groups completed the pre-test, but the control group did not receive any therapy. The intervention groups were received 8 sessions of therapy. The data were collected through Jones's 1969 (IBQ-40) irrational beliefs questionnaire.
Results: The total score of irrational beliefs in the both intervention groups were reduced in comparison with control group (P<0.05). The mean score of the problem-based avoidance subscale (35.26±6.32) was significantly reduced in the second intervention group compared to the first intervention group (30.53±9.47) (P<0.05). Also, the mean scores of emotional impulsivity in the first intervention group (22.73±9.49) were significantly increased compared to the second intervention group (29.93±1.75) (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Two methods of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy reduce the irrational beliefs of medical students.

---

Background and Objective: Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. This study was conducted to determine the effect of ear acupuncture on ADHD symptoms in children aged 7-14.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 30 children with ADHD whom did not receive Ritalin, whom referred to the private psychiatric clinic of children in Tehran. A questinare child syndrome inventory (parental form) and integrated visual and auditory (IVA) test with a pre-test and post-test design was used in this study. The ear acupuncture treatment for 8 weeks with uniform pressure on the ear seed was applied on five points of the ear, including brain, excitement, prefrontal cortex, shen men and tranquilizar.
Results: The auditory vigilance subscale from the attention area and the auditory prudence subscale of the auditory response from the inhibition area in the pre-test phase in compared to the post-test were statistically significant (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The 8-week acupuncture on the ear improves the auditory vigilance subscale and the auditory prudence subscale in children with ADHD.

---

Background and Objective: All organisms for managing behaviors require to use of cognitive patterns of the central and peripheral nervous system. This study was done to compare the metacognitive beliefs and tolerance of ambiguity in depressed, anxious and normal people.
Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was done on 120 depressed, anxious and normal people depressed, anxious and normal people in psychiatric clinic of Zare hospital in Sari city north of Iran during 2017. To measure ambiguity in depressed, anxious and normal people the tolerance for ambiguity scale of lane, wells metacognitive scale, Beck anxiety inventory (BDI) and Beck depression inventory (BDI) were used in this study.
Results: Tolerance of ambiguity significantly increased in depressed and anxious groups in comparison with controls (P<0.05). Positive worry beliefs significantly reduced in depressed group in comparison with controls (P<0.05). Negative meta-cognitive beliefs about the thoughts and metacognitive beliefs significantly reduced in depressed group in compared to control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: This study emphasized the extent of anxiety and depression disorders in relation to in- effective metacognitive problems. These ineffective beliefs can cause a decrease in psychological tolerance.
 

---

Background and Objective: Parents of children with cancer are more susceptible to psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, stress, and generally, mental health risks. This study was done to determine the effectiveness of group acceptance and commitment therapy on self-efficacy among mothers of children with cancer.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 30 mothers of children with cancer referring to Children’s Medical Center in Tehran, Iran during 2017. Mothers were non-randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. For gathering the data, the parental self agency measure of Dumka and colleagues (PSAM; 1996) was used. The group acceptance and commitment therapy was offered to subjects in the interventional group for 2-hour in 10 sessions, but the control group's mothers did not receive any intervention.
Results: Mean scores of self-efficacy among mothers of children with cancer were 31.40±6.40 and 53.87±13.35 in pre-test and post-test, respectively (P<0.05). Mean scores of self-efficacies among mothers in the control group were 30.07±5.73 and 29±7.58 in pre-test and post-test, respectively. This difference was not significant.
Conclusion: Acceptance and commitment therapy significantly improves parental self-efficacy among mothers of children with cancer.

---

Background and Objective: Cancer can cause many problems in all aspects of the physical, mental, social, economic and family life of the elderly patients. This study was done to determine the supportive care needs of the elderly people with cancer in north of Iran.
Methods: This descriptive- analytical study was carried out on 248 elderly patients with cancer whom referred to governmental and private medical centers in Gorgan, Northern Iran during 2018. Data were collected by a valid and reliable questionnaire "Supportive Care Needs Survey-SCNS" consisted of five domains of physical needs and daily functioning, health system and information, supportive and care, mental, and sexual chracteristics.
Results: There was a significant relationship between physical activity and daily functioning, sexual domain, support and care, health and information system with gender (P<0.05). Female seniors were more in need of assistance in the areas of physical and daily functioning, and male seniors in the areas of sex, support and care, health systems, and information.
Conclusion: This study showed that unmet needs in the elderly with cancer are particularly high in physical and functional areas.

---

Background and Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a development nervous disorder that it is usually caused by a defect in the executive functions of the brain and reduces the amount of attention, accuracy, and increased mobility and impulsive behaviors in the individual. This study was performed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive rehabilitation after drug therapy on the executive functions of brains of childrens with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Methods: In this clinical trial study, 45 children with ADHD were randomly divided into three groups including one control and two intervention groups, were monitored by the education counseling center. Intervention group one (cognitive rehabilitation) and intervention group two (cognitive rehabilitation after medication) were received therapeutic intervention for 12 sessions of 45 minutes, twice a week. No intervention was performed for the control group. After the last treatment session, a post-test was performed. The follow-up phase took place 1.5 months after the end of the last intervention session.
Results: The executive functions of the brains of children with cognitive impairment in the cognitive rehabilitation group and the cognitive rehabilitation group after drug therapy showed a significant increase in comparison with the control group (P<0.05). The executive functions of fertilizer after 1.5 months of follow-up in the cognitive rehabilitation group after drug therapy were higher than in the cognitive rehabilitation group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Cognitive rehabilitation therapy after drug therapy was more effective in treating increased executive functions of the brain in children with cognitive impairment than cognitive rehabilitation therapy alone.

---

Background and Objective: Children with ADHD suffer from motor impairment in addition to behavioral problems (hyperactivity/impulsivity, attention deficit).The cerebellum receives data from visual, vestibular and somato- sensory systems.This study was done to determine the correlation between kinetic parameters of balance performance and behavioral symptoms in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Methods: This case - control study was performed on 15 children with ADHD (9.21±0.69 year) and 15 healthy children (9.27±0.75 year). Kinetic parameter of balance evaluated using sensory organization test (SOT) in different sensory conditions including visual, somatosensory and vestibular by Neurocom. Conner’s questionnaire used to assess hyperactivity and attention deficit in addition to a psychologist.
Results: Dynamic balance score in ADHD children was significantly lower in compare to controls (p<0.05). Children with ADHD had kinetic parameters of balance performance abnormality in compare to controls. There was a significant correlation between sensory contribution and hyperactivity in children with ADHD (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Children with ADHD suffer from balance dysfunction which is a result of sensory integration and attention deficit. The sensory systems analysis showed that vestibular system, partially somatosensory dysfunction is the most important factor in balance disorder in children with ADHD.

---

Background and Objective: Prisoners are among the high risk population for contagious infections such as HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), HBV (Hepatitis B Virus), HCV (Hepatitis C Virus), TB (Tuberculosis), and other dangerous diseases. In spite of other countries in the world, data about the prevalence and risk factors for infectious diseases among prisoners are spars in Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBV, HCV and TB coinfections among male prisoners suffering from HIV.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 100 HIV patients were selected. Microscopic examination (acid fast staining) was applied on sputum specimens and serological (HBsAg, anti- HCV) and molecular (Real time PCR and DNA sequencing) investigations carried out on patient’s sera.
Results: Among 100 prisoners affected with HIV, the prevalence of HCV, HBV and TB infections were 45%, 3%, and 9%, respectively. All HBV positive cases were genotype D, subgenotype ayw2. Among the HCV positive subjects, 34 (75.5%) and 11 (24.5%) were genotype 1a and genotype 3a, respectively. There was no significant relation between age, CD4 and transmission route of HCV in male prisoners affected with HIV. Drug injection was the main route for the acquisition of HCV, HBV infections.
Conclusion: This study showed that a high prevalence of HCV and TB infections among male prisoners affected with HIV.

---

Background and Objective: Chronic hypertrophy of tonsils and adenoids is the most prevalent cause of sleep apnea in children, leading to multiple behavioral disorders. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous disorder caused by adverse biological, social and psychological conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adenotonsillectomy on ADHD symptoms in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy before and six months after the surgery.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 37 children with adenoid hypertrophy in Gorgan, north of Iran during 2018. The data gathering tool was a two-part questionnaire; the first part contained personal data (age, gender), and the second part included the strengths and difficulties checklist. Patients were placed in three groups of hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity based on 18 criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental disorders. The questionnaires were completed directly by the project performers. Information was collected from the parents. The strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) was used to assess children before and six months after the adenotonsillectomy surgery.
Results: The average and standard deviation of scores in subscales of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity-inattention, peer relationship problems and prosocial behavior were improved, also a significant difference was observed between SDQ scores before and after adenotonsillectomy (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Adenotonsillectomy can significantly reduce the SDQ score. Therefore, in children with hyperactivity, a medical disorder such as adenoid hypertrophy can cause the onset, exacerbation and persistence of the disease. Proper treatment can be a major factor in controlling the severity of symptoms and even in improving the patient’s recovery.

---

Background and Objective: Iron deficiency anemia lead to a decrease in intelegence question (IQ) and a decrease in learning and mental and physical abilities. This study was done to determine the status of iron intake in infants aged 6 to 24 months under the cover of comprehensive health centers in Miandorood city, Mazandaran province, Iran during 2019.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 400 infants aged 6-24 months who were enrolled in comprehensive health centers in Miandorood city, Mazandaran province, Iran during 2019. The status of iron drop consumption and mothers' awareness in this field were evaluated.
Results: The mean age of the infants was 13.8±4.8 months. The range of the mother’s age was 28.8±5.6 years. Of these, 274 (68.5%) of infants used iron drops regularly, 106 case (26.5%) often, and 20 case (5.0%) never. The mother's knowledge score was significantly correlated with the type of iron intake, height percentile, and maternal education level (P<0.05). Evaluation of the possible causes of irregular iron intake shows that the most frequent cases were forgetting (28.8%), 9.5% for nausea and vomiting, and ‎‎9.0% for teeth color changing.‎
Conclusion: Mothers' awareness of iron drops consumption was good. The most important barriers to regular iron intake in the present study were forgetfulness, vomiting, and tooth discoloration.
 

---

Background and Objective: Vaginal delivery is a natural physiological process that can be a critical experience for women. One of the factors involved in avoiding vaginal delivery is childbirth self-efficacy. Self-efficacy affects all aspects of behavior and emotional activities, including attachment. This study aimed to determine the relationship between childbirth self-efficacy and maternal attachment to the fetus in nulliparous pregnant women.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 323 nulliparous pregnant women who attended health centers in Zahedan city from 2020-2021. Data were collected using participants’ demographic questionnaire, Lowe’s childbirth self-efficacy questionnaire, and Cranely’s maternal attachment to the fetus questionnaire.
Results: Maternal attachment style to the fetus showed a significant direct correlation with childbirth self-efficacy. Maternal attachment style to the fetus predicted childbirth self-efficacy (P=0.003, r=0.16), explaining 2.7% of the variance of childbirth self-efficacy.
Conclusion: The results suggest that helping mothers accept their motherly role and improving maternal attachment to the fetus can increase childbirth self-efficacy. Educational programs during pregnancy should include training related to strengthening maternal attachment to the fetus. As women with high childbirth self-efficacy have a greater ability to perform vaginal delivery, it may increase their desire for vaginal delivery.
 

---

The rise in patients seeking corneal refractive surgery, despite having systemic autoimmune diseases, underscores the need for special considerations when treating these individuals. Recent studies have expanded our knowledge in identifying and evaluating autoimmune disorders and their potential side effects in the results of corneal refractive surgery with laser. This study briefly examines the pathogenic factors, clinical aspects, and possible complications in patients with systemic autoimmune disorders subjected to these surgeries. In total, 132 articles were selected for this research among the reviewed studies. Considering that the release of various cytokines caused by systemic autoimmune disorders can lead to destructive corneal consequences, the need for early diagnosis before any laser surgery for refractive errors seems essential. Although procedures such as LASIK and PRK are commonly performed on patients with autoimmune disorders, important considerations must be made. Studies have not yet confirmed definitive contraindications to laser refractive surgery for autoimmune disorders.

---

Background and Objective: In recent years, studies have been conducted to determine the prevalence rate of congenital abnormalities in different regions of Iran, most of which were conducted on live births. This study was conducted to determine fetal abnormalities in pregnancies leading to legal abortion in Golestan province.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 199 pregnant women with a gestational age of less than 20 weeks with abortion licenses from the Forensic Medicine Center of Golestan province over 9 months during 2018-19. Demographic characteristics, including parents’ age, ethnicity, and family relationship, and the type of fetal abnormalities were recorded.
Results: Given 29,460 births in Golestan province over a 9-month period, the prevalence of fetal abnormalities was determined to be 6.75 per thousand births. The incidence rates of fetal abnormalities were determined to be 6.78, 6.68, 7.69, and 5.65 per thousand births in native Fars (80 cases), Turkmen (65 cases), Sistani (34 cases), and other (20 cases) ethnic groups, respectively. Since the gender of 80 fetuses was unknown, the incidence rates of abnormality were determined to be 4.36 and 3.72 per thousand births in female (63 cases) and male (56 cases) fetuses, respectively. The most common fetal abnormalities included central nervous system (n=49, 24.62%), chromosomal abnormalities (n=47, 23.61%), and cardiovascular impairments (n=26, 13.06%). The incidence of fetal abnormalities was not found to have a statistically significant relationship with parents' age, ethnicity, and family relationship.
Conclusion: The most prevalent fetal abnormality was related to central nervous system disorders. The incidence of fetal abnormalities had no relationship with the parents’ age, ethnicity, and family relationship.

---

Vitamin D deficiency affects a broad range of health-related factors. Both obesity and vitamin D deficiency are associated with the development of oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. Inflammation can culminate in decreased vitamin D levels through the induction of oxidative stress. Evidence suggests that exercise may improve vitamin D status. However, the effects of exercise interventions on inflammation and oxidative stress in the coexistence of vitamin D deficiency and obesity/overweight are not well-established. Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate the effects of exercise on inflammation and oxidative stress in vitamin D deficiency status accompanied by obesity/overweight. A search for articles from 2006 to 2023 was conducted in specialized databases of PubMed, Scopus, and state inpatient database (SID). The searched studies were original research articles, reviews, and clinical trials selected using the keywords of vitamin D deficiency, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, chemokine, exercise, obesity, and overweight. According to the studies, regular exercise can inhibit the vicious cycle of oxidative stress-inflammation in vitamin D deficiency status accompanied by obesity/overweight by negatively regulating some inflammatory factors and chemokines, reducing lipid peroxidation levels, and increasing antioxidant status. Moreover, the increase in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels resulting from exercise can be considered another mechanism for reducing oxidative stress-inflammation in vitamin D deficiency status accompanied by obesity/overweight.

---

Background and Objective: Family-centered empowerment involves engaging clients and their families in decision-making processes to improve health outcomes, thereby enabling them to exert control over their health status through informed choices. Self-efficacy is considered the most crucial component of empowerment and holds significant importance in the management of chronic diseases and the enhancement of self-efficacy. This study was conducted to compare the effects of patient-centered and family-centered empowerment model-based training on perceived self-efficacy and fasting blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 120 patients with type 2 diabetes who attended rural comprehensive health centers in Gorgan, Iran, during 2023. Patients were enrolled in the study using a multi-stage cluster sampling method and were divided into three groups of 40: A control group, a family-centered empowerment group, and a patient-centered empowerment group. The interventions in the patient-centered and family-centered groups were delivered in 6-8 people groups based on a four-stage model. These stages included threat perception, problem-solving, educational participation, and evaluation. Patients in the control group received only the routine health center training. Data collection instruments included the standard Perceived Self-Efficacy Questionnaire in middle-aged diabetic patients and a checklist for recording clinical characteristics.
Results: The fasting blood glucose levels decreased in all three groups after the intervention; however, this difference was not statistically significant among the groups in either the pre-test or the post-test. In the post-test, a statistically significant increase in perceived self-efficacy was observed between the patient-centered group and the family-centered group, as well as between the patient-centered group and the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The patient-centered and family-centered empowerment model-based training on patients’ perceived self-efficacy was evaluated as effective; however, it had no effect on the fasting blood glucose levels of patients with type 2 diabetes.