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Background & Objective: It has been reported that, the ?-Carboline alkaloids of peganum harmala seeds have a stimulatory action on Serotonin and Catecholamines release in different brain regions. In addition, one of the most important pharmacological effects demonstrated for ?-Carboline is a revesible inhibitory action on MAO-A. These findings suggests that ?-Carboline, should alleviate at least some of the signs of depression. The purpose of present study is to determine the anti-depressant activity of ?-Carboline Harmane, Norharmane and Harmine. Materials & Methods: All experiments were carried out on male Swiss-Webster mice (25-30 g). The anti-depressant activities of the ?-Carboline were assessed using the forced swim test. This test is the most widely used tool for anti-depressant activity preclinically. In this test, mice were placed into a cylindrical glass (25 cm height, 12 cm in diameter) containing a column of 15 cm of water at 25±1°C. After 30 min of the ?-Carboline injections, the mice were subjected to forced swimming test for 8 min and their immobility time was recorded. Results: Interperitoneal (IP) injections of Harmane (5-15 mg/kg), Norharmane (2.5-10 mg/kg) and Harmine (5-15 mg/kg) significantly decreased the immobility time in the mouse forced swim test. The inhibitory effects of Harmane, Norharmane and Harmine were antagonized by Flumazenil (5 mg/kg, IP) but not by Reserpine (5 mg/kg, IP, 18 h before test). Conclusion: The results suggest that the anti-depressant activities of Harmane, Norharmane and Harmine may be mediated through an inverse agonistic mechanism.

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Background & Objective: Addiction threatens the foundation of society and families. Addiction also causes a lot of material and spiritual losses. The addicted people are susceptible to infections with low resistance against disease. The aim of this project is to investigate the immunoglobin serum level in the Opium addicted and compare it with people whom addict to anything including cigarette. Materials & Methods: In this study 5 cc of blood was taken from each of 150 addicts and 150 healthy people of the same age and sex. Third blood serums were then separated and their immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A were determined by SRID method. Results: Mean±SD of IgM in healthy and addicted subjects were 123±32.85 mg/dl and 109.5±47.28 mg/dl, respectively (P<0.05). Mean±SD of IgG in healthy and addicted subjects were 1008±354.38 mg/dl and 1307.2±291.07 mg/dl, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that the average amounts of IgG, IgM are lower significantly in addict’s compare to healthy results from the other studies in other countries has a good correlation with the finding from present research.

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Background & Objective: Cardiovascular disease is among important factors of mortality in hemodialysis patients. There are some reports that indicate the Carnitine concentration reduction in the tissues accelerate cardiovascular abnormalities in those patients whom regularly are hemodialysed. This research has been set up to study the effect of oral Carnitine on the heart function of hemodialysis patients from Sari and Vali-Asr Hospital in Ghaem-Shahr Fatemeh Alzahra, Imam Khomeini in during 2003. Materials & Methods: In this study 20 patients with at least 3 month duration and 3 times interval hemodialysis in each month were chosen. The sample hemogenously devided in case and control group. One Carnitine tablet with 1 gr dose was given to the case group daily. The placebo was prescribed to the control group EF and LVEDD of patients were determined by echocardiography. The ratio diameter of heart to the chest was determined by chest radiography. The plasma level of hemoglobin, Cholesterol and Triglyceride were determined simultaneously. Results: There was not any meaningful recovery in EF and LVEDD and serum Lipids, between the case and control group 6 months after treatment with 1 gr/day Carnitine. There was only a meaningful difference in EF after 6 months duration of this study. In spite of this, there was a meaningful recovery with these patients anemia (P?0.05). Conclusion: Carnitine does not have a meaningful effect of heart function and serum Lipid level, but it has an efficacy on anemia recovery of such patients.

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Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease is a necrotizing Lymphadenitis with benign self-limit process in young women with fever, cervical lymphadenopathy and increased ESR with leukopenia. In this report we introduce 2 females with Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease. The first patient was a 31 years old lady with fever and unilateral cervical lymphadenopathy weight loss from 20 days age. In paraclinical findings ESR=50 mm/hr Hb=10 gr/dl. WBC count was 5300/µl bone marrow aspiration and biopsy with lymph node was done. The histopathologic diagnosis was Kikuchi-Fujimoto (Necrotizing Lymphadenitis). The 2nd patient was a lady with 35 years old and painful neck mass (Behind the sterno-clido mastoid) from 1.5-month age with fever and chill. In paraclinical findings ESR=52 mm/hr WBC 5500/µl, CRP++ lymph node biopsy was done the histopathologic diagnosis was Kikuchi-Fujimoto necrotizing Lymphadenitis. Therefore Kikuchi disease is a important differential diagnosis in young patients especially women with cervical lymphadenopathy and fever (FUO).

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Background&Objective: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a xenobiotic estrogenic compound that are a monomer of some plastics (poly carbonate and epoxy resin) that are widely used in dental sealant, dishes and tableware. This compound has suspected to have estrogenic effects on reproductive system and related to endocrine disrupting chemicals. In this present study we investigated possible low dose effects of BPA on testis weight and structure and prostate weight. Materials&Methods: Male wistar rats (12-13 week old) were administrated a daily intra peritoneal 10µg/kgbw/day, 50µg/kgbw/day, 100µg/kgbw/day dose of BPA for6 and 12 days and one day after last injection testis and prostate weighted and histological section of testes prepared( 5 micrometer ) and stained by H&E and weigert hematoxilin . All data were expressed as means±SE. two-way ANOVA and chi- quire was performed. Results: in compare with control group, testis and prostate weight of dose groups were decreased. Disruptions of epithelial layer cells of semniferous tubules were detected. Conclusion: The present study showed that BPA at low doses affects histological structure and weight of testis and prostate, in the adult wistar rat.

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Background&Objective: Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the common causes of absence from work place and life quality among women. According to some studies, fish oil administration results in production of weaker prostaglandin’s (PG) and reduces the severity of dysmenorrhea. The aim of this study is to experience the efficacy of fish oil on dysmenorrhea, which is a cheap drug and with low side effects. Materials&Methods: In this clinical trial, the students separated into two groups those affected with primary dysmenorrhea by referring to girls' high schools and complete the questionnaires. In the next stage randomly were selected two groups each group included 22 students with primary dysmenorrhea. In first group fish oil capsules and the other group placebo were recommended for duration of two months. These students were evaluated before drug recommendation, at the end of two months treatment and two months afterward. In these three stages pain severity by VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) system and pain duration by Cox scaling system were be recorded in each group. Results: There is not meaningfull statistically difference in the average age, age of menarche, menstrual condition (regular or irregular) and accompaniment with symptoms of PMS (premenstrual syndrome) between fish oil and placebo groups. Before recommendation of capsules the average of pain severity did not have a meaningful statistically difference between two groups. The average pain duration also had similar situation. After two months treatment, the average of pain severity (VAS) in fish oil group was significantly less than which in placebo group (p<0.05). Also the average of pain duration in fish oil group was less than which in placebo group with a statistical difference of (p<0.05). Moreover, two months after the end of treatment the average of pain severity (VAS) and pain duration (hour) had meaningfull statistically difference between fish oil and placebo groups and were less in fish oil group. Conclusion: As compared with placebo, the fish oil capsule after two months of consumption had a significant effect on reduction of pain severity and duration in primary dismenorrhea. Also two months afterward from the end of this clinical trial the effect was more than placebo.

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Background&Objective: Hirschsprung's disease (H.D) is a congenital disease in which intestinal ganglionic cells are absent and can cause intestinal obstruction .The disease has various clinical manifestations and different length of bowel may be involved. Our aim was to study Hirschsprung’s clinical presentations and its rate of intestinal involvement in hospitalized patients in a 6-year course study in Rasht. The capital city of Gillan province in north of Iran. Materials&Methods: We studied the Hirschsprung’s patients referred to Poursina Referal Hospital between 1995-2001.A cross sectional descriptive- analytic study whose data was collected from patient’s files and questionnaires including demographic data, disease presentations, diagnostic methods, involved segment, surgical procedure types, surgical complications. Finally, the data was analyzed in SPSS10 software. Results: We detected 58 H.D in these 6 years, whome underwent surgery. There were 19 females and 39 males. Age of patients differed from one day to 18 year. Clinical findings were variable as follow: constipation (79.31%), abdominal distention (67.24%), inability to pass mecunium (17.24%), diarrhea (5.17%) and other less common manifestations. Pathologically, we divided our patients into 3 kinds: rectosigmoid, ultra short – segment, total – colonic. Surgeries were performed in three ways as follow Swenson - Soave - Lynn. Early complications, which come within one month after operation, contain anastomotic leakage (10.2%), prolonged constipation (10.2%). There were not any significant differences between these three types of surgical procedures. Conclusion: Majority of patients presented with a chronic course of constipation and abdominal distention. There wasn’t any difference between kinds of involvement and age and type of presentations. There are few associated anomalies in our patients. In some cases, surgical complications were less than other studies so, it is probable that our procedures had fewer complications or they had performed in appropriate time.

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Background&Objective: The Failure progress of labor is the second indication for cesarean delivery after repeat section. It is generally agreed that dystocia leading ro cesarean delivery is overdiagnosed in the world. Variability in the criteria for diagnosis is major determinant of the increase in cesarean deliveries for dystocia. This study was identified dystocia with comparison with the criteria obstetrics standards and determined the cause's effects of incorrect diagnosis. Materials&Methods: A descriptive analytic case-control study was performed on 1212 women who experienced cesarean delivery in Yahyanegad hospital of Babol a city in North of Iran during 2004. We compared criteria of diagnosis of dystocia among 248 women whome were operated with dystocia with criteria that were proposed by American college of obstetricians and gynecologis. Also, we compared 118 women with correct diagnosis with 130 women with incorrect diagnosis to identify causes of incorrect diagnosis. Statistical test 2, t-Test and multiple logistic regressions were used to analysis of data. Results: Dystocia was diagnosed during latent phase, active phase and second stage respectively: %64.9, %29.8 and %5.3. The strogenst predictor of incorrect diagnosis of dystocia was the lack of administration of oxytocine. Other independent risk factors for failure of labor to progress, using a multivariable analysis, were: performing of cesarean in morning (OR=2.8 %95 CI 2.1 –3.5), performing of cesarean in afternoon (OR = 2.6 %95 CI 1.3-3), nulliparity (OR=2.1 %95 CI 1.7-3.2), incorrect clinical estimation of fetal macrosomia (OR= 2.3 %95 CI 1.5-2.9). Conclusion: %50 accuracy of failure of labor progress according to obstetrics standards implies that there is overdiagnosis in the dystocia. This study proposes that obstetricans should be managed conservatively protract dilatation in the patients to prevent of incorrect diagnosed dystocia cesarean. Active management of labor with accurate administration of oxytocine and amniotomy is another strategy that may be help to decrease cesarean with diagnostic dystocia.

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Background&Objective: There are different methods including H&E, imonhistochemstry, flu cytometry, AgNOR staining for differentiation reactive hyperplasia from lymphoma. This study was done to determine diagnostic validity of AgNOR staining for differentating non-Hodgkin lymphoma from reactive hyperpalsia. Materials&Methods: Fifty parafin blocks belong to patients with confirmed diagnosis are as below: Thirty five block with lymphoma and fifteen blocks with reactive hyperplasia. AgNor dots among one hundred cells were counted, by two experienced pathologists. The mean of AgNOR dots were calculated. Student T-test used to campare mean AgNOR dots. Results: The mean AgNOR count was 2.2 (range 1.4-3, SD=0.8) in reactive hyperplasia and 6.7 (range 3.9-9.5, SD=2.8) in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A statistically significant difference was observed between the AgNOR count of reactive hypeerplasia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (p<0.05). Conclusion: The findings support the validity of AgNOR technique for differentiating and confirming non-Hodgkin lymphoma from reactive hyperplasia.

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Background&Objective: Post operative pain is a common phenomenon that it is one of the important problems in surgery. Different methods have been used to control post operative pain. Morphine and Buprenorphine are classified as narcotics, and their effect on post operative pain relief has been evaluated in this study. Materials&Methods: This randomized clinical trial (RCT) was done on 40 patients with lumbar disk herniation that randomly classified in morphine and buprenorphine group. During induction of anaesthesia 0.2 mg/kg morphine and 4.5/kg buprenorphine were injected intravenously to the corresponding groups, respectively. At the end of anaesthesia, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were evaluated as well as severity of pain. Then, collected achieved data were analysed. Results: The severity of pain in buprenorphine group was less than morphine at all the times except the time of discharge from recovery (p<0.05). With respect to sedation there was a meaningful difference between the two groups at the time of entering recovery and 15 minutes later. The sedation was more in buprenorphine group, (p<0.05) There was no meaningful statistical difference in relation to heart rate between the two groups. Systolic blood pressure, between two groups was significant except at the time of entering recovery. Also, systolic blood pressure was not significant between two groups. Conclusion: This study showed the bupernorphine has long anaesthesia and sedation.

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Background&Objective: The presence of single or multiple nodules within the thyroid gland is a common clinical problem. It is immposible to differentiate benign and malignant follicular neoplasms in cytologic examinations.Estimation of risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules who are cytologically assumped to be follicular neoplasm has a critical importance.The aim of this research is evaluation of diagnostic value of thyroid FNA in follicular neoplasm. Materials&Methods: This survey was done on 476 patients with thyroid nodule whome were biopsied in a 7 years period (in 5th Azar hospital, Gorgan). Standard aspirations and biopsies techniques performed and nessassary smears prepared. Wet-fixed smear glass slides are placed immediately in alcohol (70%) 7-10 slides from the aspiration. The patients with cytologic report whome considered follicular neoplasm followed total thyroidectomy or lobectomy. Results: From 476 patients for thyroid nodules 412 cases(86.5%) are suitable for cytologic evaluation which 312 cases(77.9%) of them were benign and 14 cases(3.3%) were malignant.The rest(77 cases)reported to have follicular neoplsm, this patients also undergone thyroid surgery.The result of histological findings appeared in 32 cases(57.1%) follicular adenoma,15 cases(26.7%) non-neoplastic nodules,5 cases(8.9%) follicular carcinoma and 4 cases(7.1%)follicular type of papillary carcinoma. Conclusion: 9 cases (16%) found malignant among cases which cytologic reports considered as “follicular neoplasms” and subsequently undergone thyroid surgery (consist of follicular carcinoma and follicular type of papillary carcinoma), confirme the importance of histopathologic study of follicular lesions for differentiation between malignant and benign lesions.

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Background&Objective: Decrease in production of erythropoietin has been noted as one of the main factors causing anemia in ESRD patients, and administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) has been used to correct the anemia. Iron deficiency, including functional iron deficiency, limits the efficacy of rhEPO therapy in ESRD patients. This study examined the effects of maintenance intravenous iron sucrose (Venofer) on haemoglobin level and, optimization of erythropoietin therapy. Materials&Methods: Forty eight haemodialysis patients with haemoglobin level<9 gr/dl who were dialyzed three times weekly went under the study. Two thousands units of rhEPO were given subcutaneously at the end of each dialysis for seven weeks. At the end of the seventh week, those with haemoglobin level<9 gr/dl and with ferritin level <200 ng/dl (29 patients) were chosen for intravenous administration of 100 mg Venfor during the next five consecutive haemodialysis while maintaining the rhEPO dose at 2000 units with each dialysis. A week after the last dose of Venofer, haemoglobin and serum ferritin were determined. Results: Average haemoglobin level among the patients before administration of rhEPO was 7.5 gr/dl. After seven weeks of subcutaneous rhEPO at 2000 units with each haemodialysis, the average haemoglobin level raised to 8.5 gr/dl. The effect of maintenance IV Venofer was an increase in average haemoglobin level to 10.4 gr/dl. The same effect was seen on the ferritin level. The ferritin level of 131 ng/dl increased to 237 ng/dl a week after last dose of IV venofer. Conclusion: Intravenous (IV) iron improves haemoglobin response and, thus, optimizes rhEPO therapy.

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Background&Objective: Genital mycoplasmas can cause infection of the genitourinary tract. Thses organisms are associated with bacterial vaginosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, endometritis, cervicitis, Nongonococcal urethritis. Spontaneous abortion, premature birth, neonatal pneumonia and meningitis, and infertility. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of PCR method for diagnosis and identification of genital mycoplasma in culture negative samples taken from women suffering from bacterial vaginosis. Materials&Methods: 174 genital samples were taken from women suffering from bacterial vaginosis during January until December 2005. Two genital swabs were taken from each patient. One of them was cultured on the mycoplasma specific media for isolation of mycoplasma. The other swab was immersed in PBS buffer and frozen until DNA extraction. To detect the presence of mycoplasma and ureaplasma in genital DNA Samples: a 520-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA was amplified. The specific primers used for this purpose were: MGSO, UGSO, MY- ins. Results: From 174 samples, 71 samples (40.8%) were positive by culture for mycoplasma & ureaplasma. From 103 culture negative samples. According to PCR results, 14 samples (13.6%) were positive and 89 Samples (86.4%) were negative for mycoplasma and ureaplasma. Conclusion: This study showed that PCR method is more sensitive than culture for detection genital mycoplasma, Therefore PCR is a rapid, sensitive and easy method to detect genital mycoplasmas in urogenital swabs.

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Background & Objective: Pharmacological studies and traditional medical literature point to the cardiovascular effects of the Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae) in many instances. In the present study, we used isolated perfused AV-node of rabbit as an experimental model to determine the effect of various concentrations of essence of Citrus aurantium (0.1-0.3 v/v) on electrophysiological properties of isolated heart. The second goal of the present study was to assess the protective role of essence of Citrus aurantium on arrhythmogenic effects of ouabain. Materials & Methods: This was a semi-experimental study. We used isolated perfused rabbit AV-nodal preparation, in three groups. In the first group, the effect of various concentration of the Citrus aurantium (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 ml/l) was assesed on the AV-node. In the second and third groups, the effect of Citrus aurantium was tested in the presence of ouabain (0.1?molar) and verapamil (0.1?molar). We used 6 rabbit in each group. Statistical analysis was preformed by SPSS Mean±SE was used in the all results. Results: Our results showed depressant effects of extract of Citrus aurantium on Wenchebach Cycle Length (WBCL), AV Conduction Time (AVCT), Effective and Functional Refractory Periods (ERP & FRP). Rate-dependent properties such as Facilitation and fatigue significantly increased by Citrus.a (0.3ml/l). We had significant increase in the AVCT (32.6±3.6 to 40±6.08 msec) and FRP (147±5.1 to 166.6±3.6 msec) by Citrus.a. We had a protective role of Citrus aurantium on ouabain induced AV-nodal depression. The magnitude of facilitation and fatigue in the concentration of 0.3 C.aurantium was 7.5±0.3 and 6.5±0.5, respectively. Conclusion: The above results indicated potential inhibitory and antiarrhythmic effect of Citrus aurantium in treating supraventricular tachyarrhythmia.

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Background & Objective: Burnout is a syndrom that emerges by mental fatigue and loss of competency. Inappropriate pysical Environment and Professional Equipment may be caused Burnout in nursing. Therefore this study accomplished by object of determination of relationship between Burnout and physical Environment and professional equipments. Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive –analytical corrolational study. The environment of study was medical sciences hospitals and samples were nursing emploees in 1383-84. The research tools were two questionnaire including Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) consisted of three partsincluding: Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal achivement. the next, was pysical Environment and Professional Equipments questionnaire. Results: Total participants were 272 nurses that43.8% of them had high level of emotional exhaustion, also there were a significant relationship between emotional exhaustion, dpersonalization and physical environment (p ? 0.05). In adition, there were a significant relationship between severity of emotional exhaustion and dpersonalization with professional equipments (p?0.05). There were a reversed relationship between burnout and professional equipments desirability. Conclusion: This study indicated that most of the samples had high emotional exhaustion and there were relationship with physical environment and professional equipments. Also there were a reversed relationship between burnout and professional equipments desirability.

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Background&Objective: Herbal remedies are suitable alternatives for synthetic drugs due to their availability, minimal side effects and lower price. Biologically active substances of plant origin represent an essential branch of modern cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. The aim of the present study was to determine concentration-dependent effects of aqueous extract of Croucus sativus on the nodal basic and functional properties. Materials&Methods: This was an experimental study. Male Newsland rabbits (1-1.3 kg) were used in all of experiments various experimental stimulating protocols (WBCL, Recovery, Facilitation, Fatigue) were applied to assessing electrophysiological properties of Node in two groups (first group n=10 and second group n=7). We used isolated preparation including some post up AV-nodal tissue preparation. All protocols were repeated in the presence and absence (control) of different concentration (A=9×10-2, B=19×10-2, C=28×10-2 mg/l) of Croucus sativus and verapamil (0.1μM). Results were shown as Mean±SE and a probability of 5% was taken to indicate statistical significance. Results: Our results showed concentratration dependent depressant effects of extract of Croucus.s on Wenchebach Cycle Length (WBCL), AV Conduction Time (AVCT), Functional Refractory Periods (FRP).Rate-dependent properties such as Facilitation and fatigue significantly increased by 19×10-2 mg/l of Croucus.s. The effect of extract was prominent on fast pathway. Conclusion: The above results indicated potential antiarrhythmic effect of Croucus.s in treating supraventricular tachyarrhythmia.

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Background&Objective: Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder in the world, The prevalence rate in developing countries is higher than developed countries, and also affecting a large number of child and women. The main purpose of this study was to promot the knowledge, attitude and practice of girl student in Ghaemshahr in order to prevent iron deficiency anemia. Materials&Methods: This study was an educational intervention to evaluate the effect of education on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (K.A.P) in intervention and control groups (each group: 300) among female students in Ghaemshahr. The data was gathered using a questionnaire (include the demographic information, some of question related to knowledge, attitude, practice. K.A.P were assessed before and also 1.5 month after implementation of educational program using the questionnaire, collected data was analyzed by SPSS (11.5), STATA (8.0). Results: There was not significant difference between K.A.P in study group before implementation of educational intervention, but there is a significant increase between K.A.P after interventional education in intervention group. Educational intervention was promoted knowledge mounting to 15 score, 5 score to promote attitude and 1.6 score to improve the practice. There was significant relation between mother education, father job with their knowledge and class with their attitude, also mother education with their practice. Conclusion: The results indicated that improvement of knowledge could prevent iron deficiency anemia, thus emphasis on the health education in adolescent age is necessary to promote K.A.P.

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Background&Objective: Acetaminophen is a drug that is used commonly in the all time of pregnancy as a antipyretic and analgestic. The aim of this study was to determine teratogenic effects of this drug when it is used continuously before and during pregnancy. Materials&Methods: 210 virgin female Balb/c mice in a standard animal house condition were assigned in to three experimental groups and three period of time (30 mice in the each of I and II experimantal groups and 60 in III experimental group): The first experimental group subdivided in to three I10, I20, I30 subgroups that received acetaminophen once daily at dose 40mg/kg/day by gavage in 10, 20 and 30 days prior to gestation and early 10 days of pregnancy, respectively. The second experimental group divided like the previous group (II10, II20, II30) but received 40 mg/kg/day of this drug twice daily (80 mg/kg/day). The third experimental group (III10, III20, III30) received 80 mg/kg/day of acetaminophen with and without 0.14 mg/kg/day of folic acid. Mice in Control groups, received normal saline and base of drug respectively. After using standard coupling method (three female mice with one male and determination of Gestational day 0) in GD18 the dams were sacrificed and the fetuses were removed. Macroscopic observation was done by stereomicroscope. ANOVA and TUKEY tests were used by the help of 10 version of SPSS software. Results: Long consumption of acetaminophen in doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg/day in the 20 and 30 days before pregnancy and 10 days after pregnancy can induce shortened and asymmetrical limbs and hand aplasia. In addition, ekymosis and fetal resorption were seen.16.1%, 6.5% and 14% of fetuses were malformed in the I30, II20 and II30 groups, respectively. Also, 11.3%, 4.9% and 12.4% of fetuses in these same groups had limb defects. In the III20 and III30 groups that fetuses used folic acid and drug at the same time, rate of malformations reduced to 1.6% (P<0.05). Conclusion: It is recommended pregnant women not to take acetaminophen atleast a month before pregnancy and in case of taking this drug the folic acid to be accompanied.

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Background&Objective: Two enzymes have the ability to hydrolyze acetylcholine. One is acetylcholinesterase, which is called true cholinesterase, it is found in erythrocytes. The other cholinesterase is pseudocholinesterase, it is found in serum. Some chemical components of organophosphates group and carbamates affected cholinesterase activity. Determination of cholinesterase has application in diagnosis of liver disease, liver damage by insecticide and assessment of fatty liver. Pesticide factory workers are one group of peoples which are exposed of poisoning by pesticide. Materials&Methods: This research in 2005 performed in pesticide producers. In two stages (3 month interval) from 58 of personal blood was drown. Results: Mean of erythrocyte cholinesterase in first stage was 48.5±11.2 IU/gHb and second stage was 37.9±17.3 IU/gHb. Decrease of erythrocyte cholinesterase was significant differences (paired t test, P<0.05). Increase of serum AST was not statistically significant. Increase of serum ALT and Albumin was significant differences (paired t test, p<0.05). In 15 individual (25.9 %) cholinesterase decrease more than 35% and in 16 workers (27.6 %) erythrocyte cholinesterase decrease between 26-35%. Conclusion: Since in more than 26% of personnel cholinesterase decreased over than 35%, routine assessment of cholinesterase in similar factory, is recommended.

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Background&Objective: Cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is referred to some activites performed by individuals to resuscitation heart and ventilation. Knowledge, skill, experience and positive attitude by resuscitating personals have an effective role on CPR. This study aimed to explore the effect of CPR training on knowledge of nurses working in the hospitals affiliated to Golestan University of Medical Sciences. Materials&Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 26 nurses from the hospitals affiliated to Golestan University were selected randomly. Data collected using a questionnaire including 43 questions which completed by participants before and after training session. The teaching method was lecturing and practicing on the manikin during two eight hours session in two days. The content of training included both basic and advanced CPR. The data was analyzed using Wilcoxon test with significant level at α =0.01. Results: 57.7% of nurses were male and 42.3%were female with the average age of 35.54±5.99 years and the average age of work experience of 10.35 years. The data showed the knowledge of nurses staff regarding arrhythmias, therapeutic algorithms, and also drug therapy was low before training, however it improved significantly after training according Wilcoxon test. It was not found any significant improvement in amount of knowledge of our participants regarding cardiac arrest symptoms, airway management, cardiac massage, after training. Conclusion: The results indicated personals low knowledge about arrhythmias and related issues. Also the results showed the effect of training program on improvement on knowledge of nurses about CPR.