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Background&Objective: The life time prevalence of schizophrenia is estimated about 1%-1.5% in United States and various studies have shown that between 7.8-46.6% of these patients suffer from OCD. The differences in these statistics are partly due to the assessment and treatment methods. The purpose of this study was to measure the frequency of OCD in hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Materials&Methods: The study was cross-sectional. 96 inpatients (56 men and 40 women) with DSM-IV schizophrenia diagnostic criteria were selected from Iran Psychiatry Hospital by simple non-random sampling Results: The age range of the patients were 17-73 with a mean age of 35 ±12.6. The majority of patients (88.5%) suffered from paranoid schizophrenia. 47 patients (49%) were diagnosed to have obsessive-compulsive symptoms on interview. The mean age of schizophrenia onset was 24.7 ±8.8 and the mean age of OCD onset in schizophrenic patients was 20.2 ±6.7. In 8 (17%), the two disorders were began simultaneously and in 20 (20.8%), schizophrenia was started earlier. Conclusion: Obsessive-compulsive symptoms are completely prevalent in schizophrenia. The co morbidity of these two clinical entities has both etiological and therapeutic importance.

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Background & Objective: Menopause effect on women quality of life and mental health. This study performed to determine the effect of supportive group therapy on menopause mental health condition in Sharekord.

 

Materials & Methods: This study is a quasi experimental research. 46 menopause women who had research condition divided in case and control group. We used GHQ28 and demographic questionnaire in 3 stages for data gathering. group therapy session perform for case group. Data was analysed with SPSS soft ware and analyctic and descriptive statistic index such as Paired T and correlation exam.

 

Results: After group therapy in all dimention performed, significant progress in case group (p<0.05). In addition there was significant difference between case and control group in mental health score after group therapy (p<0.05). There is no any correlation between demographic variable with mental health condition.

 

Conclusion: This study showed effectiveness of group therapy in mental health condition of menopause women. We recommend to use this method routinely for menopause women.

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Background & Objective: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most important health problems all over the world. This study was conducted to determine the co-infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV) in HBV infected patients in Golestan province of Iran. Materials & Methods: This population based cross sectional study was done in 2004. 139 HBsAg positive cases were assessed for co-infection with HCV and HDV. Serologic tests were done by ELISA method using available kits. Data were analyzed by SPSS-12 and STATA8 software. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered as significant. Results: Sixty eight (48.9%) of 139 cases were males and 71 (51.1%) were females. The mean (±SD) of participant's age was 41.89 (±11.3) years (range: 25-64 years). Anti-HCV and Anti-HDV antibodies were positive in 17 (12.3%) and 8 (5.8%) cases, respectively. Females were more infected with HCV and HDV than males. But the differences were not significant. Conclusion: The prevalence of co-infection with HCV and HDV in HBV infected cases is relatively high and notable in Golestan province of Iran. Because of negative effects of these co-infections in clinical outcome of the disease, it is recommended to assess possible HCV and HDV infection in individuals with HBV infection. This may result in more efficient management of the disease.

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Background and Objective: Treatment of Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) with oral therapeutic drugs, ideally cheap, with good tolerance and safe are highly desirable.The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of azithromycin (AZ) for treatment of patients with CL in Ahvaz – Iran. Materials and Methods: In a randomized controlled clinical trial study, 28 patients with CL as cases (AZ group) and 26 patients as control (C group) were studied. Cases were treated orally 500 mg/day of azithromycin in single dose for 28 days. Patients in control group did not receive any treatment. Both groups were followed up in days 14, 28 and month 2 and 5. Data were analyzed in SPSS-11.5 by using chi square and exact Fisher's tests. Results: Means±SD age of subjects was 20.26±8.45 years. Male to female ratio was 1.5:1. The half of the patients resided in rural area. At the end of study treatment. 46.4% of patients in AZ group and 15.4% of patients in control group were cured (P<0.02). One relapse of CL was observed in AZ group, no serious drug side effects was observed. Conclusion: This study showed that azithromycin has an acceptable effect on the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iranian patients and can be used alternatively in treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

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Background and Objective: Colorectal cancer is the third common malignancy in the world. Personal habits including life style and nutrition have been proposed as risk factors of colorectal cancer. We conducted this study to assess the nutritional characteristics in colorectal cancer patients in Golestan province of Iran.

Materials and Methods: This case-control study was done on 47 colorectal cancer cases, diagnosed during 2004-05 and 47 healthy controls. A questionnaire containing socio-demographic and nutritional characteristics (FFQ) was filled for each of the participants. Chi square test was used to assess the relationship between variables.

Results: In each of the two groups, 40.4% were females and 59.6% were males. The mean±SD age of age in cases and controls were 52.4±13.4 and 52.1±13.1 years, respectively. Total energy expenditure of higher than 1837.5 Kcal/ day was significantly related to colorectal cancer (OR=3.8 95% CI: 1.2-11.3). Colorectal cancer risk was higher in individual with frying cooking method (OR=3 95% CI: 0. 8-11.1). The risk of colorectal cancer was 6.5 times higher in individuals with fat consumption of higher than 118.5 grams/day (95% CI: 1.5-28.8). No significant relationship was seen between vegetables consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer.

Conclusion: This study showed that high total energy expenditure, high fat consumption and using frying method for cooking are risk factors of colorectal cancer in Golestan prevince in Nothern of Iran.

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Background and Objective: There are some reports on the association between helicobacter pylori infection and typhoid fever in different parts of the world. The aim of this study was to estimate the co infection of helicobacter pylori and typhoid fever in Ahwaz city in South-West of Iran.

Materials and Methods: In this case – control study, fifty hospitalized patients with definite diagnosis of typhoid fever in Razi and Abuzar hospitals in Ahwaz were investigated. For each patient, one subject was matched with age, sex and socioeconomic characteristic as control. All of the case and control were tested for IgG –anti helicobacter pylori by ELISA method. Data were analyzed by chi squared test in SPSS software.

Results: Seroprevalence of helicobacter pylori in case (66%) was higher than control (44%) (p<0.05). There was a significant difference between patients and control in male (p<0.05), but not in female.

Conclusion: This study indicated that typhoid fever is associated with helicobacter pylori co-infection in this region.

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Background and Objective: Previous studies have shown that vitamin D is involved in host immune response toward Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The aim of this study was to determine if administration of vitamin D can improve treatment outcome and whether is able to increase the rate of sputum clearance of MTB in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 96 patients with lung tuberculosis in Ahvaz, Iran during 2008-09. The patients were 18>=years old with sputum positive for acid fast bacillus. Patients were placed in two equal groups as cases and controls. Cases were treated by standard anti TB regimen plus 800 IU/day vit D orally. Controls were treated only by standard anti TB regimen. Follow up sputum examination for presence AFB was performed at the end of month 1, 2, 3, 4 and treatment period. Data were analyzed in SPSS-16 by using descriptive statistics test, chi square and fisher exact test. Results: Mean±SD age of cases and controls was 39.1±17.8 and 38.3±17.6 years, respectively. Overall cure rate in case and control was 93.8% and 95.8% respectively, with no significant difference. The rate of negative sputum of cases in the end of months 1, 2, 3, 4 and treatment period was 66.7%, 78.5%, 93.8% and 93.8% respectively, and for controls was 35.4%, 66.7%, 91.7% and 95.8% respectively. There was significant difference between two groups in the end of first and second month (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that vitamin D as a supplemental drug does not improve the overall treatment outcome among lung TB patients, but it may be able to increase the rate of sputum clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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Background and Objective: Previous reports on the effect of treatment on the serum immunologic parameters in patients with infective endocarditis are controversial. This study was conducted to asses the serum levels of CRP (C-reactive protein), RF (rheumatoid factor) and CIC (circulatory immune complex) before and after treatment in patients with infective endocarditis. Materials and Methods: In this discriptive study 30 hospitalized patients with infective endocarditis in Razi Hospital in Ahvaz during 2006. Blood samples obtained before and after treatment. 2.5 cc of each sample were used for CRP and RF and remaining 2.5 cc preserved at -20ºC until CIC examination. CRP and RF were measured by using nephlometry and CIC was detected by immundiffusion method. The data were analyzed using SPSS-16 and t-student test. Results: Out of 30 patients, 26 (86.7%) were male. Mean age was 29.53±10.28years. The mean values of CIC, CRP and RF before and after treatment were 0.847, 72.38, 60.45 and 0.80, 44.1, 41.2, respectively. The means of CRP and RF before and after treatment were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that the serum level of CRP and RF reduce after effective treatments because most of the our patients were intravenous drug user, CRP and RF indeces may be useful measurment for treatment evaluation responses to infective endocarditis in these population.

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Background and Objective: Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) by tuberculin skin test (TST) is accompaind with limitations. A few documented data exist regarding the performance of serology tests for LTBI diagnosis in HIV infection. The aim of this study was to determine LTBI prevalency and compare TST results and IgM antibodies against M.tuberculosis antigens (IAMA) for the diagnosis of LTBI in HIV infected individuals. Materials and Methods: In this discriptive study, sixty two HIV infected subjects were chosen randomly from an addict treatment center in Ahvaz southwest Iran during 2008. The patients underwent TST, using 5 TU of purified protein derivative, and IAMA was measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS-15 software and Chi-Square test. Results: From 62 studied cases, 34 (54.8%) had positive result for TST, whereas 6 (9.7%) had positive IAMA. LTBI was diagnosed in 37 (59.7%) by either TST or IAMA. Overall concordance between TST and IAMA was 45.2%. In subjects with positive test by either TST or IAMA, only 4.8% had positive test by either diagnostic procedure. Discordant results were found in 54.8% of subjects. Positive results for both diagnostic methods in subjects with above and below 200 CD4-cell/mm3 did not show any significant differences. Conclusion: This study showed that LTBI prevalence among HIV infected individuals among addict patients, in this region is higher than other parts of the world. Also TST is a useful test for LTBI diagnosis is preferable to IAMA method.

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Background and Objective: The incidence of infections is one of the most disturbing problems in the management of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aim of this study was to describe the role of tuberculosis (TB) as a cause of fever in SLE patients. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study 103 SLE patients enrolled in Ahvaz, South-West of Iran during 2000 - 06. Patients were diagnosed according to American College of Rheumatology criteria (at least 4 of 11 criteria). Diagnosis of tuberculosis was based on Iranian National Program against TB criteria. The infection free patients were given corticosteroid therapy. Results: In this study 20 patients did not follow the complete cycle and finally 83 patients were established as sample population of this study. Mean age of patients was 22.2±10 years, female to male ratio was 9.2:1, mean duration of treatment was12±3.2 months and mean of daily dose of prednisolone was 28.2±13 mg.From total of patients, 8 (9.6%) had active tuberculosis. five patients had pulmonary and three with other type of TB, respectively. One of the above eight patients eventually died due to SLE/TB. Conclusion: Tuberculosis is one of the important causes of fever among patients with SLE under treatment of corticosteroid. In approaching febrile SLE patient TB should always be considered as a treat.

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Background and Objective: Adolescence is a critical period which has physical, sexual and psychosocial changes. Scientists believe that adolescent must aware from necessary knowledge at critical time, because unawareness causes more sexual deviation. Thus in this study parents and teacher's view had been assessed about the best time and appropriate method for reproductive health education for female adolescents. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study 400 parents and 50 teachers from girls' high school were chosen by multiple sampling in Gorgan-Iran. Information collected by a questionnaire which consisted of two parts of demographic characteristics and polling which contains three parts: fertilization and pregnancy, family planning, HIV and STDs. Descriptive statistic was used for analysis the Data by SPSS-9 software. Results: 43.5% of mothers and 38.5% of fathers believed that the best time for fertilization and pregnancy education is at marriage time, and 46% of teachers believed grade III high school and pre- university is suitable time. Majority of teachers and parents believed that the best time to teach family planning is at marriage time. 32% of mothers believed that the most suitable time. for teaching HIV and STDs is grade 3 at high school and pre- university but about 30.7% of fathers and 38% of teachers noted the best time is grade I and II at high school. About the most suitable education method, 45% of mothers and 44% of teachers believed that attending a midwife at school is necessary. Conclusion: This study showed that majority of parents and teachers agree with reproductive health education during high school and marriage time and they mentioned that the best education method should be done at school with attending a midwife as a counselor.

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Background and Objective: Unwanted pregnancy can have negative impacts on maternal health. The aim of this study was to compare the health status of women with wanted and unwanted pregnancies in Kerman, Iran.

Materials and Methods: This case – control was performed on women with wanted (100 cases) and unwanted pregnancies (100 cases) whom refered to health centers in Kerman, Iran during 2010. The tool for data collection included a demographic questionnaire, short form 36 health survey (SF36) and a researcher-made pregnancy’s  physical health. Validity and reliability of the questionnaires were assessed initially prior to study procedure. Data was analyzed by using SPSS-16, Chi-Square, T Student and Mann-Whitney tests.

Results: Women with unwanted pregnancies had lower scores for physical and mental health, vaccination and supplement consumption, prenatal care and personal health than women with wanted pregnancies (P<0.05). Women with unwanted pregnancies had more complications and high risk behavior compared to unwanted pregnancies (P<0.05).

Conclusion: This study indicated that unwanted pregnancies are accompanied with physical and mental health. Thus, special counseling and extra care measures is recommended during unwanted pregnancies. Pregnancy

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Background and Objective: Incidence of fungal infections particularly fungal sinusitis is increasing in Iran and identification of causative agents is essential for its control and treatment. This study was carried out to determine the fungus paranasal sinusitis in non- immunocompromised patients in Tehran, Iran.

Materials and Methods: This cross – sectional study was done on 108 patients (73 males, 35 females) with chronic sinusitis ranged from 9 to 68 years, admitted to Amir Alam and Emam Khomeini hospitals in Tehran, Iran during 2006-07. Sinusitis in patients confirmed by radiologic images. Complementry information were obtained using questionnaires which including gender, job, presence of disposing disease diabetes and consumption immunocompromised drugs. Sinus samples were collected by washing and biopsy were carried out by two methods of fenestration and Cald-wel luc operations. Subsequently they were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), SDA+chloramphenicol and blood agar (BA) media at 30°C and 37°C. Direct examination and fixative sample for histhologic evaluation was done and for colonies confirmation the slide culture method also was used.

Results: 8 cases (7.4 %) were positive for fungal sinusitis with following sub type: 6 cases (Alternaria Spp), 1 case (Paecilomyces) and 1 case (Aspergillus flavus). The most fungal sinusitis (5 cases) were observed in 30-39 years patients.

Conclusion: Considering the prevalence of 7.4 % fungal sinusitis and isolation of paecilomyces which is a rare subtype complematry investigation is recommended, in the field of research.

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Background and Objective: Risk factors of tuberculosis vary in communities according to different socioeconomic conditions. Knowing these risk factors help to control the disease. This study was done to determine the main risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis acquisition in hospitalized patients. Materials and Methods: In this data based, case-control study 173 tuberculosis patients (as cases) and 305 non tuberculosis patients (as controls) hospitalized in Razi hospital in Ahvaz, Iran during 2001-07 were gone under investigation. Risk factors included injecting drug addiction, smoking, HIV infection, diabetes mellitus, imprisonment and corticosteroid usage. Data were analyzed using SPSS-13, Chi-Square and Fisher exact tests. Odds ratio was determined for risk factors. Results: Frequencies of the main risk factors in case and control groups were as: smoking 54.3%, 14.8% (p=0.0001, OR: 6.5), HIV infection 11.5%, 3% (p=0.0002, OR: 4.3), injecting drug addiction 18%, 3.3% (p=0.0001, OR: 6.7), diabetes mellitus 22.5%, 5.9% (p=0.0001, OR: 4.6) and imprisonment 20.2%, 3.9% (p=0.0001, OR: 6.2), respectively. Corticosteroid use and renal failure were similar in cases and controls. Conclusion: This study showed that smoking, HIV infection, injecting drug addiction, diabetes mellitus and imprisonment were the main risk factors for tuberculosis acquisition in this region.

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Background and Objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic is increasing word-wide. Tuberculosis is the main cause of death and low quality of life in HIV infected patients. The prevalence of Tuberculosis in HIV infected patients varies in different areas according to socioeconomic, cultural and geographical situation. This study was done to asses the pulmonary Tuberculosis risk factors in hospitalized HIV positive patients in Ahvaz, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this data based study all medical files of admitted HIV positive patients in Razi hospital in Ahvaz in south west of Iran were reviewed during 2001-09. Demographic characteristics and HIV Tuberculosis related variables were analyzed using SPSS-16, Fisher's exact test and Odds Ratio. Results: Out of 123 HIV cases 99 (80.5%) were injecting drug user (IDU), sixty eight (55.3%) had imprisoment history. Eighty one patients (65.8%) had Tuberculosis, in which 46 had co-morbidities such as infective endocarditis or viral hepatitis, 79 cases were IDU, 61 cases had imprisonment history and 24 cases had CD4 count below 200. There was a significant association between Tuberculosis and IDU, imprisonment and CD4 count (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that the rate of Tuberculosis in HIV positive patients is higher than the rate in previous studies performed in Iran. Also exposure to Tuberculosis cases in prison, IDU and low CD4+ T- lymphocyte count are the main risk factors for Tuberculosis acquisition.

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Background and Objective: Indiscriminate use of antibiotics is one of the major health problems worldwide. Rapidly increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant microbes warns healthcare authorities in the country to use drugs, reasonably. This study was carried out to assess the pattern of antibiotic usage in Razi teaching hospital in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. Methods: This descriptive –analytical study was conducted on 17668 hospitalized patients in Razi teaching hospital Ahvaz, southwest of Iran during 2012. Proper or inappropriate antibiotic usage was judged based on existing national guidelines or guidelines referenced in textbooks. Results: 3119 of patients were received antibiotics which 20.4% of patients were being treated unnecessarily. 2482 (79.6%) of patients had indications for antibiotic therapy. Out of 2482 patients with indications for antibiotic therapy, 51.9%, 18.1 % and 6.5 % of patients were received incorrect antibiotic regiment, inadequate dose and unsuitable duration of therapy, respectively. The highest rate of unnecessary, inappropriate, incorrect duration and dosage of antibiotics were observed in internal, scorpion wards and the lowest was in infectious diseases and obstetrics wards (P<0.05). Conclusion: The pattern of antibiotic usage in Razi teaching hospital in Ahvaz was inappropriate. Unnecessary prescription, inappropriate antibiotic spectrum, inadequate dose and duration of antibiotics were inappropriate treatment strategy.

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Background and Objective: Duplex PCR is a widespread molecular biology technique that has the ability in specific and high sensitivity detection of microorganisms. This study was performed to evaluate the molecular identification of Pseudomonas stutzeri using duplex PCR.
Methods: In this descriptive-laboratory study, Pseudomonas stutzeri ATCC 17588 bacteria was purchased from genetic resources center and after culturing the bacteria, DNA was extracted in the exponential growth phase using boiling method. Duplex PCR was carried out for specific identification of the bacteria subsequently. The primers were designed using catA and nirP gene sequences. Sensitivity and specificity of duplex PCR technique were investigated using 5 bacteria.
Results: The amplification of two bands of 512 bp and 249 bp for catA and nirP genes were observed, respectively. The specificity was 100% .The sensitivity of 0.048 ng/µL of genomic DNA was determined for catA and nirP genes, respectively.
Conclusion: Duplex-PCR molecular method with its sensitivity and proper feature and high potential for identification of Pseudomonas bacteria can be applied as a routine method in well-equipped laboratories by expert technician to identify suspicious cases.

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Background and Objective: The asymmetry index during walking can be used for clinical treatment. This study was done to determine the immediate and long-term effects of foot orthoses on asymmetry of ground reaction forces frequency spectrum in male children with flat foot during walking.
Methods: This clinical trial study was done on fifteen children with flat foot. Subjects were randomly divided into without foot orthoses, immediate and long term usage of foot orthoses groups. The kinematic and kinetic data during three without foot orthoses, immediate and long term use of foot orthoses conditions were recorded by the motion analysis and force platform systems, respectively.
Results: Asymmetry index of medio-lateral frequency spectrum component during walking without foot orthoses, immediate and long term use of orthoses in median frequency and band width were greater than 4 percent. There were not any significant differences in asymmetry index of ground reaction force frequency spectrum components, asymmetry index of essential harmony numbers, asymmetry index of essential harmony total powers, and asymmetry index of fundamental harmony number in vertical, anterior-posterior,  and medio-lateral axes between without foot orthoses, immediate and long term use of foot orthoses conditions. However, asymmetry index of essential harmony total power in medio-lateral axis during immediate use of foot orthoses tend to be reduced than that walking without foot orthoses. However, this difference was not significant.
Conclusion: Despite the high asymmetry index of the ground reaction force frequency spectrum in the medio-lateral component during walking without foot orthoses, immediate and long-term effects of foot orthoses in the median and bandwidth frequency variables, the acute or long term use of foot orthoses did not show any significant effect on improvement of asymmetry index of ground reaction force frequency spectrum components.

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Background and Objective: Gilbert's syndrome is a relatively common genetic disorder, which is caused by defection in uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase enzyme. The indirect bilirubin increases in this syndrome, although the function of the liver is normal. Gilbert's syndrome can be seen in 3 to 10% of different populations. According to the differences in ethnic groups in Golestan Province, no studies have been conducted on the prevalence of the syndrome in the province, so far.This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of suspected Gilbertʼs syndrome in Golestan province in north of Iran.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 1664 subjects with 18-45 years old referring to rural and urban health centers in Golestan province, North of Iran during 2014. Liver function tests were normal in subjects. Fasting blood samples were taken from each subject and total bilirubin was tested. People with a total bilirubin of more than 1.5 mg/dl were treated with a single oral dose of rifampin 600 mg. After taking rifampicin, the individuals with an indirect bilirubin level of more than 1.3 mg/dl were found suspected of Gilbert’s syndrome.
Results: The prevalence of suspected Gilbert's syndrome was 5.8%. Moreover, suspected Gilbert’s syndrome was more common in males than females (10% in males and 4.3% in females) (P<0.05). According to ethnicity, the prevalence of suspected Gilbert's syndrome was 5.4%, 5.4%, and 6.8% in Sistani, Fars and Turkmen subjects, respectively. This difference was not significant. The prevalence of suspected Gilbert's syndrome in three ethnicities was higher in males than females and it was statistically significant in Sistani and Fars ethnicities (P<0.05) but not significant in Turkmen ethnicity.
Conclusion: Suspected cases of Gilbert's syndrome were more common in men than women, and more prevalent in the Turkmen ethnic group.

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Background and Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common progressive neurological diseases affecting the motor pathways leading to muscle fatigue. This study was done to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aquatic exercises on fatigue, balance and functional training in male patients with multiple sclerosis.
Methods: This clinical trial study was done on 15 men with multiple sclerosis in Zahedan, south-east of Iran. The subjects selected by available and purposeful sampling method participated in research. After primary screening and reconnaissance person of bona fide, subjects randomly divided into intervention group (n=8) with average age 42.62±6.67 height 171.87±2.47 weight 69.62±12.39 and control group (n=7) with average age 30.28±7.11, height 171.57±8.05 weight 66.68±17.26. During study the patients used and follow medicinal drugs according to prescription. Subjects in interventional group were received aquatic exercises program. Aquatic exercises program consisted of 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. The level of fatigue, balance and functional movement respectively evaluated with fatigue assessment battery for MS, Y balance and side hop jump tests.
Results: The mean of functional movement was significantly increased in interventional group in comparison with controls (P<0.05). The mean of fatigue was significantly reduced in interventional group compared to controls (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Eight weeks of aquatic exercises improves functional movement and reduce fatigue in male patients with multiple sclerosis.