---

Background & Objective: We have two areas in gluteal region for intramuscular injection‚ Ventrogluteal and Dorsogluteal. This study was done to compare pain intensity and bleeding rate after injection in Ventrogluteal and Dorsogluteal area.

 

Materials & Methods: This clinical trial study was done on 67 males in 5th Azar hospital in Gorgan north of Iran. Patients had 2 injections during 24 hours. For every patient one injection was done in Dorsogluteal area and the second injection was done in Ventrogluteal area. For every patients the pain intensity and rate of bleeding for every injections recorded. Data analyzed by SPSS-11.5 software and Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Wilcoxon tests.

 

Results: In Dorsogluteal area 83.5% of patients had a low and medium pain‚ where as in Ventrogluteal area 88% of patients had a low and medium pain and 9% of them had not any pain. The Mean±SD of pain intensity in Dorsogluteal area was 50.79±1.682 and in Ventrogluteal was 40.79±1.878. The Mean±SD of bleeding in Dorsogluteal and Ventrogluteal areas were 0.73±0.102 and 0.19±0.047 respectively. There were significant differences in pain intensity and bleeding between two groups (P<0.05).

 

Conclusion: We concluded that the injection in Ventrogluteal area has a less pain and bleeding rate in comparison with Dorsogluteal area.

---

Background & Objective: At least about 30 percentage of children hospitalize in hospital in their childhood. Hospitalization of children cause anxiety, due to separation from their parents ,fear of new environment, disabilities and continuation of life. This study was done to determine the effect of music on the rate of anxiety among 9-12 years old hospitalized children.

 

Materials & Methods: This semi experimental study was done on sixty 9-12 years old children who are confined to bed in Taleghani hospital in Gorgan north of Iran during 2002-3. 60 of children were divided to 2equal groups of intervention and control randomly. The tools of gathering data including information questionnaire, patients demographic, state – trait anxiety inventory for children Spillberger (STAIC), face anxiety children examined scale Piyeri (FACES) information was compared before and after the intervention the collect. For intervention group, 2 music therapies listening of music section, for the 2 continuous days and each section lasted for 20 minutes. The collected data before and after intervention were analyzed by using Kolmogrov-Smironov, c², independent-sample T test, Wilcoxon signed Ranks, Bartlet and Mann Whitney test.

 

Results: There was not any difference between the average of state anxiety and amount of face anxiety in both group before execution of music therapy but there was a significant difference for the intervention group after the music therapy (p<0.05). Also the decrease in the rate of anxiety in intervention group can related to the executing of music therapy.

 

Conclusion: Music therapy reduced the rate of anxiety among the 9-12 years hospitalized children.

---

Background & Objective: Tetra Carbon Cholride has been known as reference hepatotoxin because it can cause necrosis, fatty change, cirrhosis and cancer liver. Silymarin has hepatoprotective and anti hepatoxin effect. This study was done to determine the protective effect of Silymarin in acute hepatotoxicity of CCl4 in rats.

Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, we chose 25ml/kg dose of CCl4 (in mineral oil solvent) as an optimum dose. The hepatotoxic effects of intraperiotoneal injection of CCl4 for obtaining parameters of toxicity and therapeutic effects have been examined. According to enzymatic results (increase in ALT and AST) and histopathologic changes (grading the changes in liver including cytoplasmic granularity, cloudy swelling, necrosis and fatty change), the interval between prescribing silymarin and sampling  was determined. Silymarin as a suspension in propylene glycol CMC 2% (3/2 ratio) has been prescribed in 50, 200 and 800mg/kg doses and serum and liver samples were obtained. Negative control group received silymarin vehicle in CCl4 solvent, drug control received 800 mg/kg of silymarin in CCl4 solvent and positive control received silymarin vehicle after injecting CCl4.

Results: The results showed that prescribing 50mg/kg silymarin one hour after injecting CCl4, in addition to inhibiting transaminase activity, prevents progress of liver injury up to 50% of positive control group. Cellular repair and regeneration are also enhanced, So the grade 3necrosis in positive control group is decreased to grade 0.5 in silymarin gourp in 48 hours prescribing silymarin (50mg/kg).

Conclusion: This study showed that up to six hours after injecting CCl4 significantly prevents hepatotoxicity, and cause acceleration in repair of liver injuries.

---

Background & Objective: Ureteroscopic lithotripsy is a prevalent and minimally invasive modality for the management of ureteral calculi. This study was done evaluate to the incidence and management of major complications in 3900 cases of ureteroscopic lithotripsy. Materials & Methods: This descriptive – cross sectional study was done on 3900 cases of ureteroscopic lithotripsy in Isfahan – Iran, during 1994-2006. All complications and treatment of patients recorded. Results: Major complications occurred in 29 cases either intraoperatively or postoperatively (1 to 30 days), including ureteral perforation in 16 cases, ureteral avulsion in 7, urinoma in 4 and perinephric abcess in 2. Two cases of uretral avulsion at the ureterovesical junction underwent ureteroneocystostomy. The other 5 cases were managed by psoas hitch together with Boari flap, transureteroureterostomy, open placement of double J stent with omental wrap, and ureteroscopic placement of double J stent and ileal substitution. Urinomas were managed by percutaneous drainage of the urinoma and placement of double J stent (3 cases) and open surgery (1case). Two cases of perinephric abscess were managed by open surgical procedure and double J placement. Fourteen cases of ureteral perforation were managed by ureteroscopic double J placement and in 2 cases by open surgery. Conclusion: Ureteroscopic lithotripsy is an excellent and minimally invasive modality for the management of ureteral calculi. Major complications may occur, emphasizing the need for constant vigilance and precautionary measures.

---

Background & Objective: Propofol is one of the latest anesthetic agent which has many advantages with few side effects in patients. One of the application problems of this drug is pain at the time of injection. Several methods are investigated to reduce the pain, and one of them is the application of Lidocaine together with Propofol.

Materials & Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was done in 5th Azar teaching during 2007. 272 patients were selected randomly between age of 15-55 years with ASA Class I,II who were the candidates of elective surgery. We injected  Fresenius %1 to the first group with 91 patients, Lipuro %1 to the second group with 90 patients and Propofol drug Lipuro %1 mixed with 20 mg Lidocaine (2 ml of Lidocaine %1) to the third group with 91 patients. Injections was carid out on the supenlial vein of dorsal hand. Patients were asked about the severity of pain at the time of injection, 5-10 seconds after %25 of anesthetic induction doze. Data analyzed with using SPSS software and Chi-Squre test.

Results: The rate (incidence) of pain (Score 1-3) has been 63.91 (%69.2) in the first group, 50.90 (%55.6), and 22.9 (24.2%) in the third group in which there is a significant difference (P<0.001). Moderate and sever intensity of pain (Score 2.3) was 42.91 (46%) For the first group, 18.90 (20%) for the second group and 2.91 (2.2%) for the third group (P<0.001).

Conclusion: On the basis of this study, it is recommended to use lidocaine, at the time of injection, to reduce pain.

---

Background & Objective: The pathogenesis of appendicitis remains poorly understood. However there is increasing evidence of involvement of the enteric nervous system in immune regulation and in inflammatory responses.This study was setup to characterize the status of the enteric nervous system and mast cells in acute appendicitis with normal and non inflamed appendix with clinical symptoms Materials & Methods: In this descriptive study, staining in surgically resected appendixes from 15 patients with histologically proven acute appendicitis (Histologically appendicitis, HA), 15 histologically normal appendix (Histologically normal, HN) from patients with a clinical diagnosis of appendicitis and normal histology,and15 normal appendixes from patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery were studied in Shaid Mostafa Khomeyni medical center, Iran during 2000-01. S100-Positive schwann cells and synaptophisin-positive nerve fibers were evaluated with immunohistochemical staining and mast cells were evaluated with histochemical staining with Toloiden –blue.The number of nerve fibres, schwann cells and mast cells in each tissue compartment was measured quantitively with light microscope in 20 microscopic high power fields. Then the mean number of cells was calculated in each field (×400). Results: Increased numbers of fibers and schwann cells widely distributed in the Muscularis and submucosa were seen in the all HA appendixes. Increased numbers of mast cells distributed in submucosa were seen in the all HA appendixes. A significantly increased number of individually stained nerve fibers, schwann cells and mast cells were present in HA appendixes compared with control appendixes (P<0.05). Conclusion: In this study showed that significant increase in neural components and mast cells in acute appendicitis indicates the interaction between the nervous system and mast cells in pathogenesis of acute appendicitis.

---

Background & Objective: Enteroparasitic infections constitute a serious public health problem in different populations including developed countries. Patients who receive chemotherapy of cancer have an increased probability of acquiring parsitic infections, generally with a high degree of severity. The aim of present study was to ascertain the frequency of intestinal parasites in patients admitted in oncology ward for chemotherapy. Materials & Methods: In a descriptive study, all the patients whith malignancy who admitted in Sina Hospital in Hamadan, Iran, during 2005 were included. Data including demographic characteristics, type of malignancy, and the time past from the diagnosis entered the questionnaires. A stool specimen were examined for each patients. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Out of 190 patients, 94 (49.5%) were male and 96 (50.5%) were female. The mean age was 48.518.7 years (12-88 years). Thirty-one (16.3%) patients were involved intestinal parasites. The most common parasites were: Ascaris (41.9%), Giardia (35.5%), Indolimax nana (3.2%), Blastocytis hominis (3.2%), and Cryptosporidium (3.2%). The highest prevalence of intestinal parasites belonged to 40-60 years age group Conclusion: This study indicated that, the prevalence of intestinal parasites in patients undergoing chemotherapy for malignancy is lower than general population, which can be related to the effect of antineoplastic agents.

---

Background & Objective: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most important health problems all over the world. This study was conducted to determine the co-infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV) in HBV infected patients in Golestan province of Iran. Materials & Methods: This population based cross sectional study was done in 2004. 139 HBsAg positive cases were assessed for co-infection with HCV and HDV. Serologic tests were done by ELISA method using available kits. Data were analyzed by SPSS-12 and STATA8 software. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered as significant. Results: Sixty eight (48.9%) of 139 cases were males and 71 (51.1%) were females. The mean (±SD) of participant's age was 41.89 (±11.3) years (range: 25-64 years). Anti-HCV and Anti-HDV antibodies were positive in 17 (12.3%) and 8 (5.8%) cases, respectively. Females were more infected with HCV and HDV than males. But the differences were not significant. Conclusion: The prevalence of co-infection with HCV and HDV in HBV infected cases is relatively high and notable in Golestan province of Iran. Because of negative effects of these co-infections in clinical outcome of the disease, it is recommended to assess possible HCV and HDV infection in individuals with HBV infection. This may result in more efficient management of the disease.

---

Endoscopic sinus surgery can cause orbital and intracraniol complications. Anisocoria is one of sings of orbital complication. We report a case with anisocoria during endoscopic sinus surgery. Patient was a 42 years old female that was operated because extensive polyposis in right nose and sinuses and retention in otherwise under general ansthesia. A half on hour after the surgery was started, we found dilatation of pupil in left eye which unresponsed to light. Also, as far as the eye symptoms returned to normal after 8-10h after and there was not any veridence of orbital trauma. It seems difiusion of local injection of adrenalin in surgery nasal cavity can probably case of pupil dilatation.

---

Background & Objective: Addiction to opiates such as morphine is one of major public health problems. It has been shown that in addicted animals, administration of antioxidant agents such as vitamin C can reduce the withdrawal symptoms (WDS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the preventional effect of grapefruit juice (Citrus Paradisi Macf.) on withdrawal symptoms in rats. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, Sixteen male Wistar rats (250-300g) randomly divided into two groups (n=8). All animals were addicted by intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of morphine (the 1-3 days: 10 mg/kg, the 4-6 days: 20 mg/kg and the 7-9 days 40 mg/kg daily) for 9 days. The first group received 2 ml Citrus Paradisi Macf. orally 1 hour before morphine administration. The sham group received 2 ml of normal saline. Naloxone (10mg/kg, s.c) was administrated 45 minutes after of an additional dose of morphine (40 mg/kg) in the tenth day for withdrawal symptoms inducing. Then withdrawal symptoms such as frequency of wet-dog shaking, teeth chattering, defecation and penis licking were evaluated for 30 minutes. Results: All withdrawal symptoms including frequency of wet-dog shaking, teeth chattering, defecation and penis licking were reduced in the Citrus Paradisi Macf. group in comparison with the sham group significantly (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results showed that presumably antioxidant activity of Citrus Paradisi Macf. can reduce withdrawal symptoms. Although the exact mechanisms of its effect in brain need to be elucidate.

---

Background & Objective: Although many experimental studies provide convincing evidence, that type II immunity is protective against helminthes, recent data in mice reveal that Th1 are also important in some cestods like Hymenolepis nana. To reveal the role of Th1 and Th2 lymphocyte in immunity against H.nana, the levele of IL12, IFNγ, IL5, IL13 was determined in serum of human infected with H.nana. Materials & Methods: In a case control study in 2006 in Mazandaran Medical Sciences university a total of 31 patients (case) with H.nana infection and 30 clinical healthy people (control) were included in this study. Measurment of IL12, IFNγ, IL13 and IL5 in serum samples were performed by solid-phase sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbant assay. Differential leukocyte count also was done. T test, mannwhitney test and wilcoxan W test were used for data analysis. Results: The mean concentration of IFNγ, IL13, IL12, IL5 in the sera of patient with H.nana infection were higher than control group, but only the difference between concentration of IFNγ (P<0.05) and IL13 (P<0.05) in two groups were significant. There was an increase in percentage of monocytes, Eosinophils and lymphocytes in patient when compared to the control group, but this increase was not significant. Conclusion: Results form the present study are in agreement with experimental study in that both Th1 and Th2 responses occurs in H.nana infection.

---

Background & Objective: There is an increasing interests in substitution of natural products for synthetic chemicals in drugs and foodstuff. Reports of antibiotic resistant bacteria and side effects of chemical food preservatives suspected to be carcinogenic have drawn attention towards application of herbal and natural substances. Towards this end, edible plants are more safe and therefor have priority for investigation. In this study, antibacterial activities of six medicinal plants including Thymus (T.) eriocalyx and T. persicus, Allium (A.) haementhaides, Fumaria (F.) parviflora Lam, Buxus (B.) hyrecana pojark, and Tragopon (Tr.) carcifolus Lorestan province in Iran were examined. Materials & Methods: In this study, flowers and leaves from T.persicus, T. eriocalyx, and leaves from other plants were collected from Zagros highlands, dried and soaked in hexan for 48. The solvent was separated then evaporated under reduced pressure. The concentrated extracts were shaken and foze at -10°C. Then it was centrifuged and the solvent was evaporated. The extracts were finally resuspended in sterile PBS containing DMSO. Antibacterial activities were examined by disk diffusion and broth microdillution technique , using standard (ATCC) gram positive and negative bacteria and standard (Muller Hinton agar and broth or Isosensitest agar) media in order to determine Minimum Inhibitory (MIC) or Bactericidal (MBC) concentration. Results: Strong antibacterial activities were observed against both gram positive and negative bacteria including E.coli, S. aureous and P. aeroginosa by T.eriocalyx and F. parviflora. Also B. hyrecana pojark showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus at a concentration of MIC=320 µg/ml and MBC=80 µg/ml. Conclusion: This study showed that T.eriocalyx, F. parviflora and B. hyrecana pojark have antibacterial effects in vitro. Therefore it is suggested the application of these extract in medicine and food industings could be helpful.

---

Background & Objective: Pityriasis rosea is an acute inflammatory dermatosis with an unknown cause. Although it is a self limitted disorder and has no chronic side effects (nevertheless it will take between 3-6 weeks) but it may continue for two months. In order to shorten pityriasis rosea course and remove itching and skin lesions, it is advisable to cure the disease with an appropriate drug. Based on the above, the present study was performed to investigate efficacy of Erythromycin in comparison with placebo and improve this disease period. Materials & Methods: A randomized double blind clinical trail was carried out on typical pityriasis rosea patients who had referred to 5th Azar clinic Gorgan-Iran during December 2004-May 2005. 46 patients were selected and randomly divided into two groups (23 patients in each one). Since it was a double blind study, treatment for two weeks was prescribed then the cure rate was measured during second, fourth and sixth week. In case group, Erythromycin 1gr/day was prescribed and continued for two weeks. In the other group only placebo was prescribed. Statistical analysis: Pearson chi-square analysis with 2- sided p value was applied to compare the distribution of pityriasis rosea between patients by using Sspss-11.5 software Regard to the kind of study and qualitative attribute, we used comparison between ratios in order to analyze them. Meaningful level for these tests was α=0.05. Results: Even though we gained good results in case group during second, fourth and sixth week after treatment, but there was no significant difference between these two groups at α=0.05. Conclusion: This investigation shows that Erythromycin has little effect on pityriasis rosea period. Therefore we suggest complementary study with larger samples in future.

---

Background & Objective: Standard treatment in renal colic is established with narcotics. NSAIDS are alternative choices. Several studies are done on various treatments. This study was done to evaluate the effect of intranasal Desmopressin alone and in combination with parenteral Pethidine in relief of renal colic pain. Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial study, 150 patients with renal colic were recruited in: Group one received 40 micrograms intranasal desmopressin, group two 25 miligrams intravenous pethidine and in group 3 both drugs were administered. VAS method was used to measure the intensity of pain in first minute and at 10, 20 and 30 minutes after administration. Kruskal-Walis and ANOVA were used to compare the pain severity between groups. Results: Pain intensity had significant decrease after 10, 20 and 30 minutes in all groups (P<0.05). Group 3 showed maximum decrease after 30 minutes. Conclusion: This study determined that combined administration of desmopressin and pethidine can significantly decrease in renal colic intensity. We suggest the use of desmopressin, in combination with other medicines as a supportive and effective treatment in renal colic patients.

---

Background & Objective: Hydrocele is fluid accumulation between the two layers of tunica vaginalis which commonly seen in male patients. Hydrocele is divided as communicating and non communicating categories. There are different methods for treatment of adult non communicating hydrocele which principally consist of aspiration and sclerotherapy, and various surgical techniques. The aim of this study is to evaluate outcomes and complications of a new closed hydrocelectomy technique and comparison with excisional hydrocelectomy procedures. Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial study, we divided all adult patients who refered for surgery of non communicating hydrocele to Imam Reza and Qaem hospital in Mashhad-Iran into two groups during 2004 to 2006. The inclusion criterion was simple non communicating hydrocele without any underlying pathology in adult patients who agreed with this new technique. In the first group (Group I) 23 patients with 24 hydroceles underwent closed hydrocelectomy using a catheter (shunt) between scrotal subcutaneous tissue and the hydrocele sac. In the second group (group II) 29 patients with 29 hydroceles underwent excisional hydrocelectomy. Follow up was possible in 21 cases of group I and 23 cases of group II. The outcomes of both procedures including cure rate, recurrence and complications such as infection, post operative pain, edema, hematoma, and testicular atrophy were compared in Two groups. Results: In group I, 13 cases (62%) were cured but 8 cases (38%) experienced recurrence (treatment failure). In group II, 22 patients (95.6%) were cured but one patient (4.4%) had recurrence. Post operative pain in group I was mild in 9 patients (42.9%), morderate in 11 patients (52.4%) and severe in one patient (4.7%). But in group II all patients (100%) experienced severe pain requiring parentral analgesics (opioids). Hematoma was occured in 2patients (8.7%) in group II but in none patients in group I. No patients in any groups developed infection or testicular atrophy. Conclusion: This study showed that although recurrence rate of closed hydrocelectomy is more frequent but its complications are less than open procedures. In patients with high surgical risks in whom excisional hydrocelectomy is less preferable, this closed hydrocelectomy technique may be the technique of choice.

---

Background & Objective: Preterm infants have less iron storage compared with the term one. Due to rapid growth they need more iron during infancy. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of early iron supplementation on hematologic indices and incidence of iron deficiency anemia in preterm infants. Materials & Methods: This experimental study was done on 20-days-old preterm breast-feed infants referred to the Gorgan-North of Iran primary health care services for vaccination, without any underline disease or growth retardation during 2005. They were divided to two groups (n=15 in each) and a questionnaire was completed for each case. Iron drop (2mg/kg) was given in the interventional group. Iron deficiency anemia was assesed in all sample T-student test and chi-square were used to analyze the independent variables and comparing the hematologic indices, after entering in SPSS-13 software and testing the normal distribution with komologrof-smearnoff test. Relative risk index (RR) was used to compare the two groups. Results: The relative risk of iron deficiency anemia in the interventional group was 0.4 folds [RR=0.4,CI %95 for RR=(0.091,1.749)]. No significant difference was seen between the two groups. Conclusion: The finding of this study showed that iron drop supplementation for preterm infant prevent the iron defeciency anemia, although this observation was not significant.

---

Background & Objective: Despite their very wide geographical distribution in the Mediterranean region, most Leishmania infantum strains belong to zymodeme MON-1. As different Leishmania species are known to cause different clinical symptoms and may require different treatment protocols, therefore this study was done to identify and characterize the leishmania agents causing visceral, Leishmaniasis (VL) in humans, reservoirs and vectors in the north-west of Iran by Isoenzyme analyses. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive and cross sectional study, The samples collected from 12 VL confirmed patients (bone marrow aspirates), 26 dogs (spleen and hepatic aspirates) and more than 100 sand flies from northwest of Iran between 2005 and 2006. All aspirated material from human, canine and sandflies demostrated growth of Leishmania parasite in NNN and αMEM media. The above species compared with WHO reference strains, Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani (DD8), L (L) infantum (IPT-1), L (L) tropica (K-27), and L(L) major (5-ASKH), using thin layer starch gel electrophoresis. The enzymes investigated in this study were ALAT, ASAT, SOD, ES,NH, MPI, GPI, MDH, 6PGD, PGM, PEPD, and PDK. Results: In this study L.infuntum. MON-1 was the only zymodeme present in all samples of dogs and human sandflies. Conclusion: We concluded that the visceral Leishmania (VL) focus in northwest of Iran is evidently Mediterranean type, which extends from Portugal and Morocco to Pakistan and the Central Asia and domestic doges act as the reservoir host in northwest of Iran, where the complete life cycle of zymodeme MON-1 has been identified.

---

Background & Objective: Neural tube defects, growth retardation and nail hypoplasia are most common features of teratogenic effects of carbamazepine. This study was done to determine the effects of carbomazepine on eye development in Mice fetuses. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study 40 BALB/c pregnant Mice were divided into four groups. Experimental groups I and II received 15 mg/kg daily 6-15 GD (gestational days) and 30 mg/kg daily 6-15 GD intraperitoneal of carbamazepine, respectively. All drugs recolved in Tween20. Two control groups received normal saline or Tween 20. Dams were dissected on GD18 and embryos were collected. After observation of eye malformation in fetuses, we employed routine histological processes to stain the samples and also skeletal staining was performed. Results: Calvaria deformations, finger anomalies, brachygnathia and short tail in experimental groups I and II were 7% and 10.8%, 13.3% and 16.6%, 7.8% and 11.7%, 10.2% and 9.2% respectively. Ten of fetuses (8.6%) in experimental group I and nine of fetuses (7.5%) in the experimental group II had eye malformations. Premature opening of one or both eyes with mild to severe exophthalmos occurred in both of the experimental groups. Also, histological examination showed deformed lens, retinal folds with undeveloped layers, corneal fold with absence of surface epithelium. Conclusion: This study revealed that administration of carbamazepine during embryunic period can induce eye malformations in Mice fetuses.

---

Background & Objective: The breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. MDM2 expression is determined in some carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias,and breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of MDM2 gene in primary breast cancer and it’s relationship with grade, stage and axillary lymph node involvement. Materials & Methods: the study was the cross-sectional one, that was performed on 75 samples of patients with breast cancer admitted in Mostafa Khomeini hospital Tehran, Iran (2000-05). After preparing the samples, a tissue section from each samples was obtained. One of the tumoral sections and one of the lymph node sections were stained by H&E. We determined the type of the tumor, the number of lymph nodes, the stage and the grade of the tumor. We studied MDM2 with polyclonal antibody by IHC. Results: The meanSD of patients were 5412.5 years old. 69.3% of patients had lymphoid involvement. 32% of samples were positive for MDM2. 58.7% of samples were in stage II and the most of patients (42.7%) were in grade III. In this study, there was not any relationship between MDM2 and tumor grade, but there was a relationship between stage of tumor and lymph node involvement with MDM2 gene (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that MDM2 gene is a prognostic factor in breast cancer.

---

Background & Objective: More than 50% of patients with hypertension will have end organ damage (such as: CHF, retinopathy ,CVA or renal failure).Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an independent risk factor for death and cardiovascular disease .Both renal dysfunction and LVH are signs of end organ damage so we carried out this study to evaluate the correlation between LVH in echocardiography and kidney function in patients with essential hypertension. Materials & Methods: This descriptive analytic study was carried out on 102 patients whome reffered to 5 Azar hospital in Gorgan- Iran, suffering from essential hypertension and had proved LVH in echocardiography with no other disease during 2005-6. Kidney and urinary tract assessment such as serum BUN, Creatinine level and kidney sonography was done on subjects. Left ventricular hypertrophy was defined as a left ventricular mass index (LVMI)>=135g/m2 in men and>=110g/m2 in women. Renal function was estimated by means of the serum Creatinine level and proteinuria and sonographic findings of kidney and urinary tract. Data was analysed by Spss-11.5 and Chi-Squre test. Results: The average age of patients were 60±8.8. 58%, 36% and 7% of patients had mild, moderate and sever LVH respectivly. The means of Creatinine and BUN level were 1.09±1.12 mg/dl and 20.6±10.76 mg/dl had direct correlation with kidney dysfunction (P<0.05). There was a significant relationship between LVH severity and presentse of Kidney scar in sonography (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that a very large fraction of the subjects with essential hypertension have kidney problems. Therefore, serum BUN and Creatinine level and sonographic scar of kidney can be reliable markers for assessing and controlling target organ damages that are induced by Essential hypertension.