---

Background and Objective: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most common methods in treatment of different types of psychological disorder. The effectiveness of this therapy has a direct relation with the duration of convulsion. This study was conducted to assess the effect of lidocaine on duration of seizure and hemodynamic alterations in electroconvulsive therapy. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted on 72 ASA-I, II patients with psychotic disorders in Hajar Medical Center in Shahrekord, Iran during 2010. The patients randomly divided into intervention and control group. The interventional group was received 1.5 mg/kg lidocaine and controls were received normal saline. For induction of anesthesia, all patients were received Sodium Thiopental (2mg/kg), Succinylcholine (1mg/kg) and Atropine (0.5mg) Propofol and Succinylcholine during 72 sessions of ECT. Duration of objective convulsion and hemodynamic alterations including blood pressure and heart rate were recorded (before, immediately and 3, 5 minutes after ECT). Data were analyzed using SPSS-11.5 and t-test. Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate in 3rd minutes in interventional group following electroconvulsive therapy were 143.38±16 mmHg, 79.86±6.7 mmHg, 91.9±9.9 mmHg, respectively and in controls were 128.88±13.04 mmHg, 87.63±5.79 mmHg and 102.86±13 mmHg, respectively. These difference were significant (P<0.05). The above-mentioned indices for 5th minutes in intervention and controls were as follow: systolic (113.47±9.97 mmHg, 122.36±13 mmHg), diastolic (73.47±4.27 mmHg, 77.63±6.26 mmHg) heart rate (84.41±4.6 in minute, 93.19±12.53 in minute). These differences in above indices were significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that lidocaine administration during electroconvulsive therapy increase the duration of convulsion and reduces heart rate and blood pressure.

---

Background and Objective: Femoral shaft traumatic fracture is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity. Nowadays,the standard treatment method in adult is reduction with femoral interlocking intramedullary nailing. This study was performed to compare the open and closed methods femoral interlocking intramedullary nailingin femoral shaft fractures treatment. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was done on 40 18-50 year old patients (33 men and 7 women with mean age of 26.3 years) with femoral shaft closed fracture who were referred to the Shahid Kamyab hospital of Mashhad, Iran during 2007-08. Patients were divided into two 20 membered groups of open and close femoral interlocking intramedullary nailing treatment. Subjects were followed for one year and the :::::union::::: time, infection and non-:::::union::::: level were measured. Clinical and radiological findings were analyzed using SPSS-13, Student’s t-test and Fisher's exact test. Results: 97.5% of :::::union::::: was obtained within six months in both groups. Full weight bearing was determined 6-12 weeks (mean of 9.3 weeks) in close and 12-16 weeks (mean of 13.25 weeks) in open reduction. Complications included non-:::::union::::: in open (one patient, 5%), infection in open (one patient, 5%), shortening in both (one patientin, 5%), limited range of movement in both (one patient, 5%) and malrotation in close (one patient, 5%) groups. Close reduction group showed higher rate of radiologic callus formation and earlier full weight bearing than open reduction group (P<0.005), but :::::union::::: rate was not significant. Conclusion: This study showed that there is no difference between final :::::union::::: rate of open and close reduction by interlocking intramedullary nailing in femoral shaft fractures.

---

Background and Objective: Colonoscopy is the best method for management of patients with Hematochezia or lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB). This study was conducted to assess the endoscopic and histopathologic findings in patients with hematochezia. Methods: This descriptive –analytical study was done on 117 (50 males, 67 females) patients whom referred to 5th Azar hospital in Gorgan, northern Iran during 2010. Demographic characteristics, medical history and colonoscopic and histopathologic findings were recorded for each patient. Results: Hemorrhoid was the most common finding in colonoscopic examination. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and cancer were the most common feature in the under and higher than 43 age old patients, respectively (P<0.05). Ulcerative colitis (22.2%) was the most common finding in histopathological examination. Rectosigmoid was the most common anatomical location of involvement in IBD cases. Cancer and IBD were occurred in the left colon. Conclusion: Flexible sigmoidoscopy can be a selected procedure for evaluation of hematochezia in the <43 age old patients but in >43 age old subjects sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy should be made based on patients' status.

---

Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus is common endocrine disease cause learning and memory impairment. This study was done to evaluate the effect of quercetin on learning and memory in STZ-induced diabetic rats was investigated. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups: control, quercetin - treated control, diabetic and quercetin - treated diabetic (10 and 20 mg/kg/bw, intraperitoneally) for 14 days. Induction of diabetes was performed using 60 mg/kg/bw of streptozotosin, interapritonally. Passive avoidance and Y-maze tests were used for the evaluation of learning and memory. Results: In passive avoidance learning, there was no significant difference in initial latency between diabetic and treated - diabetic groups. The mean of step latency in control group (383.57±19.26) significantly reduced to 128.86±10.38 in diabetic group (P<0.05). The mean of step latency in the treated diabetic group significantly increased in compare to the diabetic group (P<0.05). Step latency in quercetin - treated diabetic (10 mg/kg/bw) and (20 mg/kg/bw) groups increased to 316.67±23.76 and 397.50±31.21, respectively. The alternative percentage in diabetic group was significantly lower than control group (P<0.05), but in quercetin -treated diabetic groups it was higher than the diabetic group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Administration of quercetin for 14 days enhances the capability of the memory storage, recall and improves short-term spatial memory in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

---

Background and Objective: Neural, hormonal, and mechanical factors regulate the expression of fast-twitch isoforms in developing and mature muscle fibers. The transcriptional mechanisms responsible for regulating the gene expression of myosin heavy chain types are not well understood. This study aimed to determine the effect of a single session of intense resistance exercise with glutamine supplementation on the relative expression of the alpha and IIX isoforms of the myosin heavy chain gene in male rats.
Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 30 adult male Wistar rats divided into three groups: control, intense resistance exercise (first experimental group), and fierce resistance exercise combined with glutamine supplementation (second experimental group). The exercise groups participated in a single session of resistance climbing on an inclined plane with 4 sets of 5 repetitions, 30 seconds of rest between repetitions, and 2 minutes of rest between sets. Glutamine supplement powder was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water at a dose of 0.5 grams per kilogram of body weight and administered daily via gavage for 5 days. The expression of alpha and IIX isoforms of the myosin heavy chain gene was examined in the extensor digitorum longus muscle tissue.
Results: The relative expression of the alpha myosin heavy chain gene in the fast-twitch muscle fibers increased significantly in the first experimental group (1.93±0.298) and the second experimental group (1.65±0.195) compared to the control group (P<0.05). The relative expression of the IIX motor unit gene in the fast-twitch muscle fibers also increased significantly in the first experimental group (1.42±0.239) and the second experimental group (1.26±0.190) compared to the control group (P<0.05). The increase in the relative expression of the alpha myosin heavy chain gene in the first experimental group compared to the second experimental group was statistically significant (P<0.05). However, the increase in the relative expression of the IIX motor unit gene in the first experimental group compared to the second experimental group was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: Our study concludes that a single session of intense resistance exercise, with or without glutamine supplementation, significantly increases the relative expression of the alpha myosin heavy chain gene and the IIX motor unit gene in the fast-twitch muscle fibers of the extensor digitorum longus muscle in adult male rats. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular