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Background and Objective: Lower ureter is the most common site of stone traped causing renal colic and hydroureteronephrosis. If medical therapy is not effective , the treatment consist of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), transurethral lithotripsy (TUL) or on rare cases, open surgery. This study was done to compare the ESWL with TUL in sixty patients with lower ureteral stones which did not responed to thraputic regiment. Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study was done on sixty patients with obstructive lower ureteral stones for more than 3 weeks, that have not been responded to the thraputic regiment in Imam Reza hospital, Mashhad, Iran during 2004-06. According to treatment indications sixty patients divided in two equal ESWL and TUL groups. Success of procedure were evaluated by ultrasonography and KUB radiography. The success rate of two different technique and the side effects in each patients was recorded. Results: In ESWL group in 14 patients (46.66%) the stone was broken and its particles were removed but in 13 patients (43.33%) the stone was not broken and they became candidates for TUL. In 3 patients (10%) the stone was broken but the particles did not pass. The only complication of ESWL was renal colic which was in 15 patients (50%) and cured by medical treatment. In TUL group, in 93.5% of patients, the stone was broken and particles were removed, but in 6.5% the procedure was not successful and the patients underwented ESWL or open surgery. 10% of patients experienced fever and colic pain, who underwented medical treatment. Conclusion: This study showed that TUL technique has higher successful rate than ESWL technique in lower uretaral stones.

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Background and Objective: The flowers of Citrus aurantium L. are traditionally used in the treatment of neurological disorders such as seizures, epilepsy and neurasthenia. With regard to the importance of nausea and vomiting and effects of strengthening the stomach of Citrus aurantium L. extract, this study, was done to determine the antiemetic effect of the metabolic, aesthetic and aqueous extract of flowers of Citrus aurantium L. in young chickens.

Methods: In this experimental study, induction of emesis was performed in 138 young chickens
(23 groups, n=6) using copper sulfate (60 mg/kg, orally) and ipecac (600 mg/kg, orally). The aqueous, methanolic and acetonic extract at doses of 50, 100 and 250 mg/kg/bw were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) and metoclopramide (as positive control). The number of nausea was recorded 50 and 20 minutes after copper sulfate and ipecac administration, respectively.

Results: Our results showed that all kind of extract at doses of 100 and 250 mg/kg significantly inhibited copper sulfate and ipecac induced–emesis that showed better effect than metoclopramide. Also, comparison of antiemetic effect of different extract revealed that methanolic, aqueous and acetonic had better effect on prevention of nausea, respectively in comparision with metoclopramide.

Conclusion: All kinds of Citrus aurantium (Methanolic, Aesthetic and Aqueous) showed antiemetic effect due to copper sulfate and ipecac dose dependly in Young chickenin in comparision with metoclopramide.

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Background and Objective: Chronic itching reduces the quality of life of patients undergoing hemodialysis. This study was done to determine the effect of chronic itching on the quality of life of patients under hemodialysis in north of Iran.

Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 111 patients with mean age of 58.36±12.7 years were randomly selected from hemodialysis centers of Golestan province from May to December 2017. Demographic data, quality of life (Itchy QOL questionnaire), Xerosis, pruritus intensity (Balaskas 1998), and laboratory tests including calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, hemoglobin and hematocrit were evaluated.

Results: The mean score of itching severity and overall quality of life was 29.27±7.46 and 41.4±10.44, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the severity of itching and the overall score of patients' quality of life (P<0.05). Correlation between severity of pruritus with symptom dimension, functional dimension and emotional dimension was significant (P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between severity of itching and Xerosis and serum calcium level (P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between Xerosis and calcium level with increased itching (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Itching reduced the quality of life in hemodialysis patients in north of Iran.

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Background and Objective: Iron deficiency anemia lead to a decrease in intelegence question (IQ) and a decrease in learning and mental and physical abilities. This study was done to determine the status of iron intake in infants aged 6 to 24 months under the cover of comprehensive health centers in Miandorood city, Mazandaran province, Iran during 2019.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 400 infants aged 6-24 months who were enrolled in comprehensive health centers in Miandorood city, Mazandaran province, Iran during 2019. The status of iron drop consumption and mothers' awareness in this field were evaluated.
Results: The mean age of the infants was 13.8±4.8 months. The range of the mother’s age was 28.8±5.6 years. Of these, 274 (68.5%) of infants used iron drops regularly, 106 case (26.5%) often, and 20 case (5.0%) never. The mother's knowledge score was significantly correlated with the type of iron intake, height percentile, and maternal education level (P<0.05). Evaluation of the possible causes of irregular iron intake shows that the most frequent cases were forgetting (28.8%), 9.5% for nausea and vomiting, and ‎‎9.0% for teeth color changing.‎
Conclusion: Mothers' awareness of iron drops consumption was good. The most important barriers to regular iron intake in the present study were forgetfulness, vomiting, and tooth discoloration.
 

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Background and Objective: Factors involved in the formation of thoughts and suicide attempts with the complexity of social interactions and increasing the likelihood of its occurrence in different societies have led to a global effort to control and improve this social problem. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of personality traits in suicide attempts among patients referred to the emergency departments in Gorgan, Iran.
Methods: This case-control study was carried out on 80 individuals who attempted suicide and 80 healthy people who had been referred to emergency departments in Gorgan (Iran) in 2020. Demographic information was recorded and personality type was determined based on the NEO Personality Inventory.
Results: The prevalence of neurological disorders and previous history of suicide in the person and family of the patients who attempted suicide was significantly higher than that in the control subjects (P<0.05). Neuroticism was significantly more prevalent in patients who attempted suicide (P<0.05), but the tendency to extroversion, conscientiousness, openness and agreeableness in patients who attempted suicide was significantly lower compared with the control group.
Conclusion: Given the role of personality traits, especially neuroticism, in suicide attempts, attention to personality traits on suicidal behavior provides important data for improving the treatment.
 

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Background and Objective: Celiac disease is a malabsorption disorder that could result in various psychological consequences if patients do not adhere to a gluten-free diet. This study aimed to determine the frequency of major depressive disorder and its relationship with adherence to a gluten-free diet among patients with celiac disease.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 47 patients with celiac disease (30 women and 17 men) with an average age of 40.88 ± 10.7 years who had been referred to the Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology during the summer of 2019. Patients were invited to complete a 13-item Beck Inventory. Celiac Dietary Adherence Test (CDAT) was used to assess adherence from the patients' point of view, and Standardized Dietician Evaluation (SDE) was used to evaluate adherence to the diet from the interviewer's perspective.
Results: Overall, 28 people (59.6%) with celiac disease reported some degree of depression. Based on the SDE, the adherence rate of patients to a gluten-free diet was 83%. The association between adherence to a gluten-free diet and the prevalence of depression was not significant. There was also no significant association between the prevalence of depression and the gender and age of patients.
Conclusion: Based on the results, a high percentage of patients with celiac disease have symptoms of depression. However, there is no significant relationship between adherence to a gluten-free diet and the prevalence of depression.