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Background and Objective: The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is increasing due to artificial reproductive technology and increasing rate of sexual transmitted diseases. Ectopic pregnancy is the most common cause of maternal mortality in the first trimester and it reduces the chance of future successful pregnancy. Identifying the risk factors can help to reduce the maternal mortality and morbidity due to early diagnosis and on time treatment. This study was carried out to assess the risk factors in ectopic pregnancy in northern, Iran. Materials and Methods: This case control study was carreid out on 150 patients with ectopic pregnancy as cases and 300 women with normal pregnancy as controls. The subjects were selected from teaching hospital in Babol in northern Iran, during 2005-09. The risk factors include history of tuble surgery, ectopic pregnancy, cesarean section, pregnancy with IUD, infertility, assisted fertility with IUI, multiple partener, pre-eighteen years marriages were recorded for each subject by direct interview and file. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16 and Chi-Square and exat Fisher tests. Results: Theraputic assisted fertility with IUI (95% CI: 3.02-185.09, OR: 23.6, P<0.05), previous ectopic pregnancy (95% CI: 1.90-73.94, OR: 8.19, P<0.05) and cesarean section history (95% CI: 1.1-2.6, OR: 1.7, P<0.05) increased the possibility of ectopic pregnancy. There was not significant differnces between pre- eighteen years marriages, infertility history and multiple partener in cases compared to controls. Conclusion: This study showed that assisted fertility with IUI, previous tubal surgery, pregnancy with IUD, previous ectopic pregnancy and cesarean section are the main risk factors of ectopic pregnancy in northern, Iran.

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Background and Objective: Post-operative nausea vomiting (PONV) and laryngospasm are the most common of complication following surgery. This study was conducted to compare the incidence of laryngospasm and PONV after pediatric infra umbilical surgery using two anesthetic methods: control ventilation and spontaneous respiration. Materials and Methods: This double-blind clinical trial study was conducted on 192 children with 2-7 year-old undergoing infra-umbilical surgery of ASA-I class with the estimated operation period of an hour in Tehran pediatric hospital, Tehran-Iran during 2009-10. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: controlled ventilation and spontaneous respiration. After anesthetization, Atracurium was injected to the control ventilation (CV) group and anesthesia continued with mechanical ventilation. For the patients of the second group (spontaneous respiration/SR), after the gradual increase of the dose of halothane and certainty of the optimal depth of anesthesia, patients were intubated to allow spontaneous respiration. After intubation, all patients were anesthetized with Halothane 1-2% and the N2O/O2. The rate of nausea, vomiting, laryngospasm, excessive post-operative discharge was recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS-13, student’s t-test, chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. Results: Post-operative nausea was non significantly higher in CV group (8%) than SR (6.52%). The rate of vomiting was higher in CV (16%) as compared to SR group (2.17%). (P<0.001, RR=8.57, CI: 1.91-38.41). The rate of laryngospasm at the end of the surgery was higher in CV group (15.21%) as compared to SR group (26%) (P<0.02, RR= 0.94, CI: 0.05-1.77). The rate of excessive discharge at the end of the surgery was significantly higher in CV group (52%) in comparison with SR group (11.95%) (P<0.001, RR=0.94, CI: 0.05-1.77). Conclusion: This study showed that in infra-umbilical surgeries in a period of less than an hour the incidence of post-operative vomiting and laryngospasm is higher in control ventilation group than spontaneous respiration group, which might be due to the injection of neostigmine to counter-act the effects of muscle relaxants.

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Tissue engineering is based on three main factors including scaffolds, cells and growth factors. Natural scaffolds derived from decellularized tissues and organs have been successfully used in tissue engineering. Decellularization studies have shown that natural scaffolds which maintaine their main structure and properties could be a suitable tool for studying cellular behaviors and preparation of such scaffolds is an important part of future research in biology that may have extensive applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Blastema tissue which is produced after injuries in some organisms has embryonic cell characteristics, and can be a suitable model for evaluation of cell behaviors in various tissues. In this review, the process of decellularization, process involved in preparation of 3D scaffolds derived from extracellular matrix of various tissues including cartilage, bone, gingiva, aorta and bladder, and assessment of their interactions with blastema tissue under in vitro conditions are discussed.

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Background and Objective: Compression or sciatic axotomy induces neuronal death in spinal cord alpha motor neuron. This study was carried out to determine the effect of Nigella sativa seed alcoholic extract on spinal motor neuron density in anterior horn after sciatic nerve compression in rat. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 24 wistar rats were divided into four groups A: control, B: compression, C: compression+treatment with 75 mg/kg alcoholic extract, D: compression+treatment with 50 mg/kg alcoholic extract. In control group muscle was exposed without any injury to sciatic nerve. In compression and treatment group, the right leg sciatic nerve compressed for 60 sec. After four weeks of post operation, L2-L4 and S1, S2 and S3 segments of spinal cord were sampled, processed, serially sectioned and stained with toluidine blue. The number of alpha motor neurons was counted using dissector method. Results: Neuronal density in compression group (650±32) significantly decreased in comparison with control group (1803±24). Neuronal density in C treated group (1581±47) and D treated group (1543±49) significantly increased compare to compression group (P<0.001). Conclusion: Alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa seed increased the density of alpha motor neurons in spinal cord after sciatic nerve compression in rats.

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Background and Objective: Considering the importance of coverage and quality of data in Golestan population-based Cancer Registry (GPCR), northern Iran. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the referral of cancer patients to medical centers outside Golestan province on the coverage of the population-based cancer registry program.
Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was performed on all cancer patients registered in the diagnostic centers of Golestan province, northern Iran during 2008-10. Data of patients referred to the centers of the province from the bank of the Golestan province cancer registry program and data of patients referred to the centers outside the province were received from the Ministry of Health Department of Cancer. Data were analyzed using the record linkage method.
Results: A total of 6083 new cases of cancer were registered in Golestan province. According to the cancer data, 678 (11%) of them were referred to outside of Golestan province centers. 343 of these 678 patients (50.6%) were found as duplicate records between the two datasets. The most frequent cases were gastric cancers (70.4%), breast (63.5%) and esophagus (62.5%).
Conclusion: This study suggested that referrals of cancer patients to centers outside the Golestan province may result in an underestimation of about 5% in GPCR. This level of underestimation seems to have no considerable effects on completeness and quality of data in the GPCR.

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Background and Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune-inflammatory disease with possible joint destruction and disability. Persica plant, seems contain anti-inflammatory capabilities. This study was done to determine the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Ferula persica resin on induced rheumatoid arthritis by Freund's complete adjuvant in rat.
Methods: In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats (200-250 g) and 8 weeks old were randomly allocated in 6 groups including normal group, positive control, negative control, and groups treated with the hydroalcoholic extract of persica resin with 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg/bw doses. The resin of persica was extracted by Maceration method. On the first day, inflammation was induced with injection of 0.2 ml of Freund's complete adjuvant into the right knee joint of rats and from the fifteenth day hydroalcoholic extract was injected intraperitoneally and daily for 15 days. On the 30^th day, blood samples were taken from hearts for rheumatoid factor measurement. Histological slides were prepared from knee joint.
Results: The level of RF in the three treatment groups was significantly reduced compared to the negative control group (p<0.05). Destruction of cartilage were observed in treated group with dose of 25 mg/kg/bw in comparision with positive control group, treated group with 50 and 75 mg/kg/bw doses. Also in the negative control group, synovial hyperplasia, pannus and the destruction of cartilage were observed.
Conclusion: It seems that hydroalcoholic extract of Ferula persica resin can causes dose dependent reduction of inflammation and destruction of cartilage result from induced rheumatoid arthritis in the rats.

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Background and Objective: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurologic necrotic and chronic illness that causes by demyelination in CNS. One of the common clinical symptoms in MS is cognitive disorders. The most common cognitive defects in patients with MS are reduction of memory and information processing rate hippocampus functions in brain are memory and learning. This study was done to determine the function mechanism of memory discover by study on hippocampus. Nowadays tendency of herbal therapy is increased because of drug's side effects. This study's purpose that is from experimental typ effect of compaind extract of Portulaca olerace, Urtica dioica and Boswellia serrata on memory and number of neurons in CA1 area of hippocampus in induced multiple sclerosis rats.
Methods: In this experimental study 30 male adult rats were randomly allocated into control group, sham group (salin injection), (MS + salin) group, (MS + mixture extract, dose of 200 mg/kg), (MS + mixture extract, dose of 400 mg/kg). MS model was induced by intra hippocampal injection a single dose of ethidium bromide (0.01% ethidium bromide sulotion in 0.9% salin) and in 3 microlitre volume with 1 microlitre in minute rate intraperitoneally. Compaind extract of Portulaca olerace, Urtica dioica and Boswellia serrata were injected as the treatment for 21 days. The shuttle box test was used for evaluation of memory. Dissector method was used for neural density in CA1 of hippocampus. Histopathology method was used for evaluation of the alteration of cells.
Results: Neural density in MS induced group was singnificantly reduced in comparison with control and sham groups (P<0.05). Neural density was singnificantly increased in treatment groups in comparison with MS induced group (P<0.05). Histological results showed that induction of MS caused the disrution of neuron cells in compare to controls, but intraperitonal injection of compaind extract cause neurogenesis in tertment groups. Memory in MS induced group was singnificantly reduced in comparison with control and sham groups (P<0.05), but memory was singnificantly increased in treatment groups in comparison with MS induced group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Compaind extract of Portulaca olerace, Urtica dioica and Boswellia serrata with dosages of 200 and 400 mg/kg/bw due to neurogenesis and amilioration can effective in memory recovery and neural necrosis in MS disease.

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Background and Objective: Age-related cataract is one of the most important causes of blindness. Early detection of cataracts can help alleviate the problems caused by this disease. This study was performed to evaluate the visual acuity and contrast sensitivity of patients with early cataract.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 54 patients (108 eyes) in the age range of 35 to 50 years with early stage cataract referred to Alzahra Ophthalmology Hospital in Zahedan, souh-west of Iran. The ethnicity of all the participants was Baluchi and Sistani. After correcting the refractive errors if the inclusion criteria were met, visual acuity with E chart at 6 m and Pelli Robson contrast sensitivity chart at 3 m were measured as monocular.
Results: There was a significant correlation between visual acuity and contrast sensitivity (P=0.033, r²=0.205). The mean of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were not significantly different in the two Baluchi and Sistani ethnicities. But visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were significantly different in the two genders (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Early cataract, although having a minor effect on visual acuity, can reduce contrast sensitivity. Therefore, measuring of contrast sensitivity in normal light condition in patients with early cataract who complain of blurred vision despite normal visual acuity can more accurately assess their visual function.

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Lycanthropy is a delusive belief that the affected person or others transform into a wolf or other animals. Lycanthropy has been known for over 2000 years. This paper introduces a 51-year-old married woman who has had symptoms of depressive disorder for the past four years, following forced marriage and has recently been diagnosed with lycanthropic syndrome. The patient was diagnosed with depression along with lycanthropy symptoms (psychotic depression) and was treated with antipsychotics, antidepressants, and individual psychotherapy. Over a 16-weeks follow-up, her lycanthropy was reduced and symptoms of depression improved relatively.

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Background and Objective: Opium use is one of the most common problems that impose significant social, psychological, and economic burdens on societies. Understanding the factors involved in the treatment of opium use is essential. This study aimed to evaluate inhibitory response and impulsivity in opium users.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 170 opium users (139 men and 31 women) who visited the Methadone Maintenance Treatment Center in Gorgan, Iran during 2022, selected through convenience sampling. The Stop Signal Task (SST) was used to assess participants' inhibitory response, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) was used to measure impulsivity levels.
Results: The average overall impulsivity score was 67.8±11.85. The average correct responses were 45.09±5.67, incorrect responses were 4.51±3.95, and delays were 0.96±2.32. The mean response time to each stimulus was 1290±512.83 milliseconds. There was a statistically significant correlation between impulsivity dimensions and age, correct responses and education level, and response time for inhibitory control with age and education level (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation between the various dimensions of inhibitory response and impulsivity (cognitive impulsivity, non-planning impulsivity, and motor impulsivity) and overall impulsivity.
Conclusion: Opium users are generally impulsive. Additionally, younger individuals and those with lower education levels are more impulsive compared to others.