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Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus can cause kidney histological changes. This study was done to evaluate the effect of barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L.) consumption during pregnancy in diabetic rats on kidney histological altrations of offsprings. Methods: In this experimental study, 60 adult female albino rats, randomly allocated into four groups including: healthy with regular meals consumption as control, healthy which consumed barley (10 grams per each rat per daily), diabetic with regular meals consumption and diabetic group which consumed barley (10 grams per each rat per daily). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg/bw of streptozotocin. After confirmation of pregnancy by observing the vaginal plug, on 21th day, the dams were anesthetized and embryos were removed. Crown rump length and weight of embryos were recorded. After kindney tissue processing, sections with 5 micrometer thickness were stained with H&E method. Results: Interstitial tissue and capillary congestion, Bowman's capsule wall thickening, degeneration of epithelial tissue, distal and proximal tubules, incomplete formation of glomerular and inflammation were observed in embryos of diabeticts group. These tissues alterations significantly reduced in the embryos of diabetic group which consumed barley. The crown rump length of embryos significantly reduced in diabetic group in comparision with controls. There was not any diferences in crown rump length of embryos between diabetic consumed barley and diabetic group. The weight of embryos was non - significantly more in diabetic groups than controls. The weight of embryos reduced non - significantly in diabetic plus barley consumption in comparision with controls. Conclusion: The consumption of barley is beneficial in reducing kidney histological alterations in embryos of diabetic rats.

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Background and Objective: Rapid and adequate rehydration is important for many athletes, especially those taking multiple sessions of exercise each day, or those involved in weight category sports. The macronutrient and electrolyte concentration of the fluid ingested following exercise can affect the amount retained within the body can influence hydration status. This study was done to compare the effect of milk consumption on healthy young men rehydration and endurance performance after dehydration due to intermittent exercise in warm environmental condition. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, the labroratory protocol was carried out by ten young healthy men in three sessions within one week intervals. Participants were on drinking regiment including water, low-fat milk, and powerade. Urine samples were collected pre-exercise, post-exercise, post-drinking and 1, 2 and 3 hours over recovery. Exercise capacity test commenced within 10 min after 3h recovery. This was undertaken in warm environmental condition at a power output corresponding to 70% VO2 max. Exercise continued until voluntary exhaustion. Heart rate and RPE were recorded at 5 min intervals throughout exercise. Results: Pre-exercise urine specific gravity value was not different between the milk and the, powerade and the water groups. Total urine output was significantly reduced in the milk group in compared to powerade and the water consumption (P<0.05). At the end of the study, net fluid balance was significantly positive in milk group compared to powerade and water groups (P<0.05). Time of exhaustion on the exercise capacity test (70% VO2 max) was significantly more in milk in comparision with powerade group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Low-fat milk is more effective at rehydrating compared to water and exercise capacity in intermittent activity of heat in healthy young men.