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Rubella can be a disastrous disease in early gestation, leading to fetal death, premature delivery, and an array of congenital defects. In this study we tried to determine the preset states of immunity against Rubella virus among high-school girl pupils in Gorgan city in the north east of Iran. A total of 484 blood samples collected randomly from 484 school girl pupils for the detection of antibody against Rubella virus. Rubella antibody determined by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test. From total of 484 high-school girl pupils 88 (18.2%) were found susceptible to Rubella infection and 396 (81.8%) were immune to this infection. Our results show significant relation between immunity, age and history of previous vaccination against Rubella.

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Background and Objective: Destructive effects of thyroid diseases in pregnancy and fetal frowth is well established subclinical autoimmune thyroid diseases can double the rate of preterm labor, abortion and postpartum thyroiditis. This study was done to compare thyroid function and autoimmunity derangment in goiterous and non-goiterous pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This case – control study was done on 100 healthy and 100 goiterous pregnant women in Dezyani hospital located in Gorgan, Northern Iran during 2005. Five mililiter of blood sample was obtained from each subject to measure thyroid hormones concentration including T3/ T4/ TSH/ T3 RUP and thyroid autoantibodies (Anti Tg/Anti TPO). Thyroid hormone and auto antibodies were measured using IRMA and ELISA techniques. Results: Thyroid volume was enlargel twice and tripl of its orginal size in 34% and 66% goitrious pregnant women respectively. Mean serum TSH in cases and controls were 1.81+/-1.33 microU/ml and 1.84+/-1.4 microU/ml respectively. The mean of Anti TPO and Anti Tg in cases were 373.91+-197.36 U/ml and 248.80+-70.59 U/ml respectively. The same indecs for controls were 79.52+-63.99 U/ml and 248.80+-70.59 U/ml respectively. In pregnant women with goiter 36% had high Anti TPO and 9% had high Anti Tg, but in control group 16% and 4% of controls had elevated Anti TPO and Anti Tg, respectively. Conclusion: According to thyroid function tests there were elevation of antibody in 20% of the healthy subjects and 45% of the goiterous subjects, therefore it is advisable to measure thyriod function tests accompanied with thyriod antibodies in all pergnant women either with or without goiter in order to prevent feto-maternal disorders.

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Background and Objective: Lead exposure induced toxic effects on reproductive system. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Grape seed oil (Vitis vinifera) on serum gonadotropins and testosterone level in toxicited adult male rats by lead acetate. Methods: In this experimental study, 56 adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated equally into 7 groups. Animals in control group did not receive any matter. Animals in the sham, experimental 1 and experimental 2 groups were received orally distilled water, 8ml/kg Grape seed oil (GSO) and 0.1 mmol/lit lead acetate for 21 days, respectively. Animals in the experimental group 3, 4 and 5 were received 0.1 mmol/lit lead acetate for 21 days and then 2 ml/kg/bw, 4 ml/kg/bw and 8ml/kg/bw GSO from day 22 up to day 42, recpectively. Blood samples were taken from control, sham and experimental groups 1 and 2 at the end of day 21. At the end of day 42, blood samples were taken from experimental groups 3, 4 and 5. Serum level of LH, FSH and testosterone were measured by Radioimmunoassay. Results: Serum level of LH, FSH and testosterone were significantly reduced in the experimental group 2 in compared to control group. Serum level of LH, FSH and testosterone were significantly increased in experimental group 4 and 5 in comparision with the experimental group 2. Conclusion: Grape seed oil extract at doses of 4 and 8ml/kg/bw increased serum level of LH, FSH and testosterone in lead acetate exposed male rats.

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Background and Objective: The spathe of phoenix dactylifera contains protein, fatty, fiber, sugar, moisture, furfural, coumarin, organic compounds of camphor family, phytosterols, 1, 2-Di methoxil 1, 4-Di methyl benzene. This study was done to evaluate the effect of alcoholic extract of phoenix dactylifera spathe on seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis in adult male rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 50 adult male rats were randomly allocated into five groups including: control, sham and expermintal groups 1, 2 and 3. Animals in control group did not receive any treatment. Animals in sham group were received 0.2 ml normal saline intraperitoneally. Animals in experimental group 1, 2 and 3 were received 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 g/kg/bw of alcoholic extract of phoenix dactylifera spathe intraperitoneally, respectively. After 14 days of study, the testis was removed and the sections of tissue were prepared. Testosterone hormone measured by Gamma counter method. Results: Serum levels of testosterone and the spermatozoa count were significantly reduced in the experimental groups in compared to control and sham groups (P<0.05). The count spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, spermatid, sertoli and leydig cells and seminiferous tubules structures did not reduce in the experimental groups in compared to control and sham groups. Conclusion: Phoenix dactylifera Spathe alcoholic extract at doses of minimum and medium in adult male rats reduces sera level of testosterone and spermatozoa number.

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Background and Objective: Gentamicin can cause cell destruction by generating active oxygen species leading to hepatotoxicity. This study was done to determine the effect of Dianthus carryophyllu extract on the Gentamicin induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats.

Methods: In this experimental study, 49 mature wistar rats, were randomly allocated into 7 groups including, control; Sham (saline interaperitonely); experimental group 1 was treated with 100 mg/kg/bw clove essence; experimental group 2 were received 100 mg/kg/bw of Gentamicin; and experimental groups 3, 4 and 5 were received 100 mg/kg/bw of Gentamicin along with 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/bw of hydro alcoholic extract of Dianthus carryophyllu (clove), respectively for 28 days. Blood samples were taken and serum activities of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and serum concentration of total protein and albumin were measured.

Results: The serum level of aspartate transaminase and Alanine transaminase significantly increased in experimental group 2 in compared to the sham and control groups (P<0.05). Alkaline Phosphatase concentration significantly reduced in experimental groups 2 and 3 in comparision with sham and control groups (P<0.05). Albumin and total protein concentration significantly reduced in experimental groups 2 and 3 in compare to the sham and control groups (P<0.05). In histological examination, cell necrosis, fat accumdation and mononocular cell accumulation reduced in experimental groups 5 in compare to Gentamicin treated group.

Conclusion: Dianthus carryophyllu hydro alcoholic extract is able to protect against enzyme alterations and hepatotoxicity induced by Gentamicin.

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Background and Objective: Varicella zoster virus (VZV) can cause a moderate disease in children, but with high risk of serious disease or death in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) Vaccination from infection can be safe, immunogenic, and effective in children with leukemia. This study was done to evaluate the IgG and IgM antibodies against VZV in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Methods: The descriptive-analytic study was performed on 66 children who were on chemotherapy in Dr Shigh hospital in Mashhad, Iran during 2012. Patients were receivied VZV vaccine. The title negative or positive serum sample for IgG-anti-VZV avidity was determined by using a test kit before and after injection of vaccines VZV for considering the efficacy of vaccines on pediatric patients.

Results: Title serum sample IgG were positive in 32.6% patients, these children have history of chicken pox disease and to be safe against of VZV. 78.3% of the patients were negative for IgG antibody and sensitive against of VZV.

Conclusion: Children with ALL receiving chemotherapy are sensitive to chicken pox disease according to negative IgG titer against VZV.

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Background and Objective: The diazinon insecticide is a strong acetylcholinesterase controller at the nerve terminals. This study was conducted to determine the effect of diazinon on functional tests and tissue alterations in rat liver.
Methods: In this experimental study, 40 adult male Wistar rats were allocated into 5 groups including the first, second and third experimental groups were received 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg/bw of diazinon, respectively, orally during 21 days. The control group did not receive any medication and the sham group received solvent. At the end of study, blood samples were obtained from animals and Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) hepatic enzymes, total protein, albumin and bilirubin were measured. After anesthesia the liver of animals were removed and evaluated by hematoxylin eosin histological staining methods.
Results: The level of AST and ALT enzymes in the experimental groups receiving 100 and 150 mg/kg/bw doses of diazinon significantly increased in compared to the control group (p<0.05). The level of ALP of animals in all groups receiving diazinon was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). Total protein level significantly reduced in all groups receiving diazinon compared to the control group (P<0.05). The level of albumin in the experimental group receiving 150 mg/kg/bw dose of diazinon significantly reduced in comparision with controls. In the experimental groups, tissue samples showed more necrosis with increasing doses of diazinon.
Conclusion: Diazinon increases level of liver enzymes and decreased total protein and albumin level and causes the histological alterations in rat liver.

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Background and Objective: Proprioceptors of the plantar surfaces of the foot have less efficiency and the stimulation and reinforcement of them may be lead to reduction of falling risk. One of the methods to reinforce proprioceptor receptors in these individuals is using textured foot orthoses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of textured foot orthoses on frequency spectrum of lower extremity muscles, stance time and comfort in individuals over age of 55 years during walking.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was done on the 14 females and 14 males age ranged of 56-70 years with the ability to walk independently and with physical and mental health status. Subjects were compared during five conditions including without foot orthoses and using four foot orthoses (including small and large foot orthoses with two types of flexible and rigid), flexible and rigid large textured foot orthoses. The 8 electrodes were located on tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, semitendinisus, gluteus, and erector spinae in 3 lumbar vertebrae region muscles.
Results: Frequency content of tibialis anterior and vastus medialis was significantly increased in males than female (P<0.05). Vastus medialis frequency during walking with large foot orthoses was more than walking without foot orthoses (P<0.05). The comfort level was different during flexible large textured foot orthoses condition compared with flexible small textured foot orthoses condition (P<0.05). The stance time was not significant between all conditions.
Conclusion: Increased frequency content of the vastus medialis muscle can increase the absorption and decrease the vertical loading rate imposed on the foot, which in turn reduces the risk of injury of the lower limb in older adults.

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Background and Objective: Evaluation of effective factors in the incidence of leukemia, especially pollutants, such as Sodium Sulfide and lead acetate, can contribute to the treatment of cancer and prevention of disease. Npm1 gene is a multiple Phosphoprotein that contains several action domains. Npm1 gene is encoded between nucleus and cytoplasm and performs several functions including protein ribosome transfer and control of centrosome proliferation. Npm1 mutations are transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This study was conducted to compare the effect of lead static poisoning and sodium sulfide on Npm1 gene expression in adult male rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 48 adult male rats were allocated into 6 groups. The experimental groups include control, the first and second experimental groups were received sodium sulfide with doses of 300 mg/kg/bw and 600 mg/kg/bw, respectively. The third and fourth experimental groups were received lead acetate with doses of 30 mg/kg/bw and 60 mg/kg/bw, respectively. The fifth experimental groups were received maximum doses of sodium sulfide and lead acetate, respectively. Lead acetate and sodium sulfide were gavaged daily for 4 months. After that, blood was taken from the mice and RNA was extracted. Then, CDNA synthesis and Npm1 gene expression compared to Ywhaz gene were evaluated quantitatively using Real Time PCR.
Results: Npm1 gene expression reduced in groups were received sodium sulfide at doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight. Npm1 expression increased in lead static groups with doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg body weight.
Conclusion: This study showed that by increasing the expression of Npm1 gene expression, Threshold Cycle value decreases.

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Background and Objective: Thyroid cancer is a common cancer of the endocrine system, and knowing the etiology can be effective in its treating. On the other hand, the FNA technique is not accurate enough, so finding a biomarker for thyroid cancer is of importance. This study was done to evaluate the NKX2-1 gene as indicator of differentiation of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).
Methods: In this case-control study, 17 fresh PTC tissue samples and 20 adjacent-healthy tissues were collected during thyroidectomy in Isfahan, Iran. RNA extraction was followed by cDNA synthesis. The expression of the NKX2-1 gene was performed using specific primers (exon-junction and intron spanning) using the RT-qPCR method.
Results: An examination of the quality and quantity of extracted RNAs showed that they were intact and suitable for making cDNA. Examination of the melting curve showed a specific amplification of the NKX2-1 gene. The difference in expression of the NKX2-1 gene between PTC and healthy-adjacent tissues was 0.947.
Conclusion: No difference in the expression of the NKX2-1 gene between the healthy tissue adjacent to the tumor and the tissue of the PTC tumor indicates that the PTC tumors were differentiated.