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All the Lipids within the cellular membranes are existed in bilayer structure, but it has been proved that when some of these Lipids extracted from the native membrane and dispersed in water, it does exhibit non-bilayer structure, although the same Lipids have got bilayer structure in the membrane itself. It has been reported that some factors such as, enzymes (Lipase), temperature, change of pH and presence of some ions, some biochemical, biophysical and physiological variation, can convert the bilayer forming Lipids into the non-bilayer structure within the native membrane itself. Endocytotic vesicles are generated when segments of plasma membrane invaginated enclosing a minute volume of extracellular fluid and its contents. In exocytosis also remodeling of membrane is involved and most cells release macromolecules to the exterior by exocytosis, the processes of diffusion also happen with some Lipids change into the non-bilayer structure. The question that represent the subject of this review article is the way the Lipids in cellular membrane change their molecular structure from the bilayer to non-bilayer structure, to pave the way for the above processes.

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Monogalactosyl Diacylglycerol is a glycolipid and contain a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid substituents and form hexagonal structure when dispersed in excess water. Catalytic hydrogenation of this Lipid in the presence of catalyst completely saturates the hydrocarbon chains and the Lipid forms typical open sheet bilayer structure in water at 20?C. Binary mintures of native and hydrogenated Lipid tend to phase-separated at 20?C, our results which was obtained by electron microscope reveals lamellar phase Lipid indispersed with regions of hexagonal structure and the proportion of each reflect the composition of mixture. Monogalactosyl Diacylglycerol is one of those Lipids, which present in high amount in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast. This membrane and others they go through this kind transformation in their Lipid structure to enable the biochemical physiological functions of the cells.

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Meningitis is one of the urgent medical ceases, and in spit of tramendous efforts. There is a high prevalency in various part of the world, still has got a high mortality. Rapid diagnosis is one of the best way to control the disease, and the basis for the present study is to find out the rate of occurrence of meningitis in suspicious cases. During nine-month study (Sep 1999-June 2000), 100 children with suspicious sings of meningitis referring to Taleghani children hospital were taken under medical surveillance, and LP has been carried out by the pediatrician. The samples were transferred to the laboratory and various tests has been done on the samples. On the ground of clinical and paraclinical findings 15 meningitis patients (7 bacterial, and 8 viral were diagnosed). The most abundant isolated bacteria from the CSF was Pneumococci (42.8%) and the most significant clinical finding was fever, vomiting, stiffness of neck. In all bacterial meningitis the CSF’s appearance was deeply turbid, and the average WBC in CSF was about 3200, the rate of PMN was 92%, these results had significant meaning with comparison to the viral and non-meningitis sample (P<0.001). CFS’s protein level was much more higher in bacterial meningitis, than other cases (P<0.001), and this can be used as diagnostic tool, but in spit of reduction in CSF glucose concentration, and CSF/blood glucose ratio (48% in bacterial, 70% viral, and 74% in non-meningitis), these ratios didn’t have significant meaning (P<0.4). The results of this research indicate the clinical manifestation such as fever, convulsion, vomiting turbidity of CSF, WBC count more than 500, and positive CRP, could help effectively in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.

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Background and Objective: Zinc and Copper are the important trace elements for human growth and body’s biological functions. These trace elements are the important cofactors of many enzymes. Serum variation of these trace elements are clinically important and should be taken into consideration, because fluctuation of these elements are behind many clinical manifestation in human. Diarrhea and vomiting can be the clinical symptoms associated with the toxic level of Zinc and Copper in the body. The concept behind this study is to determine the serum levels of Zinc and Copper in hemodialysis patients before and after dialysis, to explain the differences of such trace element concentration in these patients. Materials and Methods: This project is a comparative study. The sample population was 50 of hemodialysis patients chosen randomly from the patients referred to the 5th Azar Hospital in Gorgan (33 male and 17 female). The concentration of Zinc and Copper of these patients was determined before and after the dialysis. Results: The results from this research projects indicated that the average concentration of Zinc and Copper in hemodialysis patients after dialysis were 135.32±59.32 and 136.40±51.52 microgram/deciliter which markedly increase in compare to the serum concentration of these trace elements before the dialysis which were 78.38±37.46 and 89.92±32.54 microgram/deciliter respectively. On the basis of the results, we found in this study the average increased concentration of Zinc and Copper after the process of dialysis among the hemodialysis patients had a meaningful statistical variation (P<0.001). Conclusion: Uremia, dialysis blood tube, heavy metal contamination, the quality of dialysis membrane and the quality of water used for the process of dialysis can be a reason for the increased concentration of Zinc and Copper. Such increase in the serum concentration of these trace elements can be the basis for some clinical abnormalities. Therefore it is suggested to determine the rate of released Zinc and Copper from hemodialysis machine, before the procedure is done To enable the medical team to evaluate the serum Zinc and Copper and correct it by nutritional therapy.

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Background & Objective: Free radicals are formed in all living organisms during normal cell metabolism. Patients with chronic renal failure, which regularly dialyzed are the candidates for, free radical damages. The aim of this study with the discriminative information was to evaluate the effect of hemodialysis on Lipid peroxidation (The level of Lipid peroxidation expressed as malondialdehyde) and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme (Glutathione peroxidase) before and after the dialysis and compared with control group, to find out the effect of hemodialysis on the level of Lipid peroxidation of plasma and the activity of erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme. Materials & Methods: This investigation was an analytical type of study and sampling procedure was according to purposive method. 22 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) disease who were hemodialysed at 5th Azar Hospital of Gorgan dialysis center and 22 age and sex matched healthy control were recruited for this study. The data was analyzed by SPSS software using T-test. Results: Plasma malondialdehyde showed significant difference between the predialysis (And control group. It was increased in the postdialysis group (2.32±0.38 nmol/ml) when compared with predialysis (1.27±0.23 nmol/ml) and control group (0.98±0.17 nmol/ml). Erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme was decreased in postdialysis group (22.26±4.76 unit/gram hemoglobin) when compared with predialysis (29.66±5.95 unit/gram hemoglobin) and control group (37.52±6.26 unit/gram hemoglobin). There was also significant difference between control and predialysis group. Erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme was lower than control group in dialysis group. Conclusion: The observation of meaningful differences in reduction of erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme and increasing level of plasma Lipid peroxidation in the hemodialysed patients after the process of dialysis, maybe related with the patient, uremia, dialysis membrane (The loosing antioxidant enzyme through this membrane), and the dialysis process (May increase Lipid peroxidation during the dialysis process). These states of affairs may play an important role in progress of cardiovascular abnormality in hemodialysed patients. Due to this conditions a review of hemodialysis membrane, the techniques used in the dialysis, the consumption of various oral antioxidant, the elimination of active oxygens from the dialysis surrounding are among the measures which can prevent sudden cardiovascular abnormality in the hemodialysis patients and ultimately these important factors up-grade the patients quality of life.

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Background & Objective: It has been reported that, the ?-Carboline alkaloids of peganum harmala seeds have a stimulatory action on Serotonin and Catecholamines release in different brain regions. In addition, one of the most important pharmacological effects demonstrated for ?-Carboline is a revesible inhibitory action on MAO-A. These findings suggests that ?-Carboline, should alleviate at least some of the signs of depression. The purpose of present study is to determine the anti-depressant activity of ?-Carboline Harmane, Norharmane and Harmine. Materials & Methods: All experiments were carried out on male Swiss-Webster mice (25-30 g). The anti-depressant activities of the ?-Carboline were assessed using the forced swim test. This test is the most widely used tool for anti-depressant activity preclinically. In this test, mice were placed into a cylindrical glass (25 cm height, 12 cm in diameter) containing a column of 15 cm of water at 25±1°C. After 30 min of the ?-Carboline injections, the mice were subjected to forced swimming test for 8 min and their immobility time was recorded. Results: Interperitoneal (IP) injections of Harmane (5-15 mg/kg), Norharmane (2.5-10 mg/kg) and Harmine (5-15 mg/kg) significantly decreased the immobility time in the mouse forced swim test. The inhibitory effects of Harmane, Norharmane and Harmine were antagonized by Flumazenil (5 mg/kg, IP) but not by Reserpine (5 mg/kg, IP, 18 h before test). Conclusion: The results suggest that the anti-depressant activities of Harmane, Norharmane and Harmine may be mediated through an inverse agonistic mechanism.

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Background&Objective: Copper and zinc, two essential trace elements, are neuroactive substances that can be synaptically released during neuronal activity. These metals have been implicated in diseases with neuropathological components, including Alzheimer's disease, Menkes disease, Wilson's disease, Pick's disease, stroke and seizures. Copper and zinc levels in body tissues reflect many physiological and pathological conditions, including dietary factors, hepatic disease, and acute and chronic infections. The purpose of the present study was to examine the plasma levels of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in schizophrenic patients and to compare the Cu/Zn ratios with that of matched healthy subjects. Materials&Methods: Forty patients with schizophrenia (diagnosis were made according to DSM-IV) were sampled along with 50 healthy controls. Exclusion criteria included another concurrent psychiatric disorder, pregnancy, and medical disorders (endocrine, immune, liver cirrhosis, renal) or drugs (anticonvulsants, contraceptives, glucocorticoids) known to affect trace element metabolism. Fasting blood samples were withdrawn from an antecubital vein between 07.00 and 09.00 h. Plasma copper and zinc levels were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer GmbH, Uebelingen, Germany). Two-tailed t test was used to determine statistical differences. All data were analyzed with the computer program, GRAPHPAD software (V2.01+). Results: Mean±SE of sera copper levels in cases and controls were 145±28 and 65±3 µg/dl respectively (P<0.05). Also Mean±SE of sera zinc level in cases and controls were 67±2 and 81±4 µg/dl, respectively (P<0.05). Cu/Zn ratios was 2.07±0.38 and 0.87±0.04 in cases and controls respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: There was a significant higher Cu/Zn ratio in schizophrenic patients compared to healthy subjects. These results suggest that Cu and Zn may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

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Background & Objective: Vaccination is one of the most effective ways in preventing the hepatitis B viruse. This study was done to evaluate the response rate to hepatitis B vaccine in under one-year children in Gorgan, Iran. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on 215, children of 7-12 month of age (55.3% male, 44.7% female), in Gorgan, northern Iran during 2006. These subjects already had received the three-time vaccination against hepatitis B. Anti-HBs, Anti-HBc and HBsAg level of these children serum were determined, using ELISA technique. Results: In 30 (14%) subject's serum, there was not detected any antibodies against the viruses. Out of 185 children positive for HBS, 4 cases belong to HBC viruses. As a whole, 86% of the samples, had more than ten international unit of HBS. The meanSD of the titred antibodies in male and female were 158.8412 and 187.5513.83 respectively. The response not to three-times vaccination in male and female were 84% and 89.9% respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that in spit of vaccination, there are cases with virus-contamination. The reasons for absence of any response to the vaccination in some of this children can be due to deficiency in the immune system, improper genetic background which can not be stimulated by that vaccination, inadequate proper conditions for the preservation of vaccine, and the type vaccine used. Also the procedure of vaccine inoculation, the vaccine preservation condition and transportation should be taken into considertion.

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Brucellosis is a zoonosis with a variety of clinical syndromes including spondylitis. Spondylitis and sacroiliitis are the most frequent complications of skeletal system involvement in brucellosis, but muscle infection and abscess formation are a rare complication and frequently secondary to spondylitis. In this article two cases of brucella spondylitis are presented which has led to abscess formation in one of them, these patients referred with back pain, fever, and with subsequeint MRI examination, wright positive test, were diagnosed as spondylitis. The antibiotic regiment including Doxycycline, Refampin, were prescripted for four months. The clinical signs were disapeared subsequently.

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Background and Objective: The compound of MDMA or 3,4methyl deoxy met amphetamine, so called ecstasy, is a new narcotice compound. Ecstasy tablets have a temporary exciting and deteriorating side effects. This study was done to determine the knowledge and attitude of University students about ecstasy tablets in Gorgan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive - analytic study was done on 300 university students in Gorgan during 2006. The tools of data collection were questionnaire. This questionnaire developed by authors, consists of demographic, knowledge and attitude questions respectively. The data were analized by SPSS software and Kruskal- Wallis and Mann- Whitney tests. Results: 3% of subjects had previous usage of ecstasy. The 27.3% of students had poor knowledge about ecstasy, also 52.3% and 12.7% of students had middle and high knowledge about ecstasy respectivly. There was significant relation between knowledge and attitude with educational level, family income, parents occupation and previous usage of ecstasy (P<0.05). But there was not any relation between knowledge and attitude and age, gender, and filed of education and source of information enquiry. There was a possitive correlation between knowledge and attitude of students (P<0.001, r=0.243). Conclusion: This study showed that knowledge and attitude of University students about ecstasy is low. Therefore educational programs about ecstasy is nessecery to increase the knowledge and attitude of university students.

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Background and Objective: Respiratory distress syndrome is the most important lung problem during the neonatal period. Although the benefits of antenatal corticosteroids in neonates with a gestational age of less than 34 weeks have been demonstrated, the benefit of this treatment in neonates with higher gestational age is dubious. This study investigated the effect of Betamethasone on respiratory distress syndrome among neonates with gestational age of 35-36 weeks. Materials and Methods: This double blind randomized controlled trial study was done on 200 pregnant women who were of high risk for preterm labor in 35-36 weeks of gestation in Sanandaj city-Iran during 2007. 200 pregnant women randomly divided into treatment and placebo groups were received intramuscularly Betamethasone (12 mg/kg/BW twice) and normal saline, respectively. Data including age of mother, sex, weight, respiratory distress syndrome and newborns admission in hospital were recorded for each subject. Data was analyzed by using two-tailed T, Mann-Whitney, chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Results: There were no difference among two groups about age of mother, sex and weight of newborns. There were 8 (8%) and 20 (20%) newborns with respiratory distress syndrome in case and controls, respectively (P<0.01). Admission in hospital was 16% in Betamethasone group vs 28% in normal saline group (P<0.04). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that exposure to antenatal Betamethasone with 12mg/kg/BW twice between 35 and 36 weeks of gestation is associated with a significant reduction in the rate of respiratory distress syndrome.

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Background and Objective: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is considered as a metabolic disorder and it is one of the most common endocrine and heterogeneous disorders with complex pathogenesis among women in reproductive ages. This study was done to evaluate the accuracy of diagnosis of lipid accumulate product index (LAP), insulin resistance, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Methods: In this case control study, antropometrics, biochemical parameters, LAP and insulin resistance in 43 women suffering from PCOS as case and 40 healthy women as control were measured. Body mass index (BMI), waist hip ratio (WHR) and waist circumference (WC) was determined for each subject. LAP was defined as [WC (cm)-58´TG (m mol/L)]. PCOS was diagnosed according to Roterdam standard .Insulin resistance was defined based on Homeostatic model assessment – insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).
Results: The mean age, BMI, WHR and LAP index, among PCOS women were 24.06±5.86, 26.61±4.34, 0.81±0.061 and 47.13±4.13, respectively. There was a direct and significant correlation between HOMA-IR index and BMI, WC and LAP in case group (P<0.05). Statistical analysis showed that the optimal cut-off value of LAP, BMI, WC and WHR were 46.93, 27.91, 93 and 0.81 respectively.
Conclusion: The WC, BMI and LAP indices are useful in screening the insulin resistance in patients with PCOS.

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Background and Objective: A brief and short duration episode of ischemia is recorded in ischemic preconditioning (IPC). This latter condition provides a status in which large region of heart is protected when prolonged ischemia occurred. Levothyroxine play a protective role in IPC induction, and simultaneously with stress oxidative. This study was conducted to determine the protective effect of levothyroxine with oxidative stress reduction mechanism in ischemic preconditioning model in rat heart.
Methods: This experimental study was performed on 30 male Wistar rats in three groups of 10, as follows. In the reperfusion ischaemia group (IR), the heart of the animal was placed in a Langendorff apparatus. In the ischemic preconditioning group (IPC), prior to major ischemia, was exposed to 4 periods of 5-minute ischemia with reperfusion. In the intraperitoneally administered group, levothyroxine at a dose of 25 microgram per 100 g of body weight, the heart was exposed to reperfusion ischemia. The area of infarct and the level of malondialdehyde in the heart tissue were measured.
Results: The volume of Infarcted region in IR and IPC groups was 26.55 and 11.11 respectively. The same index for the Levothyroxine receiver was 12.56. Based on these findings it was demonstrated that Levothyroxine injection reduced the Infarcted region significantly similar with IPC (P<0.05). The MDA Levels in IR and IPC were 1328 and 777, respectively and in Levothyroxine group it was determined as 762. The size of Infarcted region in both IPC and treated with Levothyroxine groups significantly reduced in compared to IR group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Injection of levothyroxine with ischemic preconditioning reduced the effect of reperfusion maladaptive ischemia in rat heart.

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Background and Objective: Generalized anxiety disorder is a prevalent, chronic and disabling mental disorder. This study was done to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness based on stress reduction therapy and neurofeedback training on the clinical symptoms of individual with generalized anxiety disorder.

Methods: This clinical trial study, was done on 20 individual with generalized anxiety disorder referring to counseling centers in the city of Neyshabur in north-east of Iran during 2017. The subjects were randomly divided into mindfulness based on stress reduction therapy and neurofeedback training. The first group participated in 8 sessions of mindfulness based on stress reduction, while second group participated in sessions of neurofeedback training. The participants completed generalized anxiety disorder 7-item scale, Penn state worry questionnaire, intolerance of uncertainty scale and metacognition questionnaire.

Results: Both the two methods were effective the reducing the generalized anxiety disorder symptoms, worry, negative belief about worry and intolerance of uncertainty (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between mindfulness based on stress reduction therapy and neurofeedback training in reducing the generalized anxiety disorder symptoms, worry, negative belief about worry and intolerance of uncertainty.

Conclusion: Both of the two methods including the mindfulness based on stress reduction therapy and neurofeedback training are effective in reduction of the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder.

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Background and Objective: Elimination disorders such as nocturnal enuresis, urinary incontinence during the day, and fecal incontinence are common problems in childhood. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of training mothers with the Adler-Dreikurs approach for reducing anxiety in children with elimination disorders.
Methods: This field trial was done in 2021 on the mothers of 20 children with elimination disorders who had been referred to the Pediatric Gastroenterology Clinic in Gorgan with a pretest, posttest, and follow-up approach. At the physician's discretion, the children's problem had no anatomical origin. Urinary incontinence and fecal incontinence in children were identified only by psychological symptoms and functional elimination disorders. The mothers were divided into an experimental group (n=10) and a control group (n=10). The experimental group received the Adler-Dreikurs training program in 12 sessions of 90 minutes. The research instrument was the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale – Parent (SCAS-P) (2001), which was completed by the mothers in three stages: pretest, posttest, and 2-month follow-up. Sub-components of anxiety including generalized anxiety, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive, specific phobia, and separation anxiety were also measured.
Results: Mean general anxiety scores in the pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages were 69.1±4.04, 45.8±6.1, and 47.8±5.94 in the experimental group and 69±6.58, 67.8±4.89, and 67.6±5.59 in the control group, respectively. There was a significant difference in all subcomponents of child anxiety in the posttest and follow-up stages between the experimental group and the control group (P<0.05). This difference was also present during the follow-up period except for the obsessive-compulsive subcomponent.
Conclusion: Training mothers through the Adler-Dreikurs approach can reduce anxiety in children with elimination disorders.