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In order to determine the relationship between breast feeding and growth pattern, the information about anthropometric measurement and feeding pattern in first 4-6 months of life and after that of 324 hospitalized children were recorded and analyzed results are as follow: 67.3% were exclusively breast-fed, 61.3% were breast-fed accompanied with non-maternal milk (Cow milk, formula, pasteurized cow milk) and 11.4% were fed with non-maternal milk only. 44.8% of the total patients had weight for the age under 5th percentile, 53.7% had height for the under 5th percentile and 26.9% had head circumference (HC) for age under 5th percentile of NCHS standard. 77.8% of infants under 6 months of age who had weight for age under 5th percentile never have been fed with breast milk. In the other hand 72.2% of patients with weight for age between 5-100th percentile fed exclusively with breast milk in first 4-6 months of life (P<0.03). 63.2% of infants aged 6-12 months with weight for age under 5th percentile have never been fed with breast milk in first 4-6 months or did not commence supplementary food on time. This study suggest that exclusively breast-feeding in first 4-6 months of life and continuation of breast milk beside supplementary food on proper time can provide better growth potential relative to other options.

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Urinary tract infection is one of the most common bacteria infections. The incidence of urinary tract infections in school age is more common in girls than in boys. Children have to be screened for asymptomatic bacteriuria before they reach to the state of renal damage. In our district no such study has been made to determine the prevalence of bacteriuria. Urine samples were collected from 642 school girls aged between 6-11 years, and were investigated by doing urine analysis and urine culture. 15 girls had significant bacteriuria, (>10^5 bacteria/ml). 11 children had pyuria (WBC>5), and 6 samples had both significant bacteriuria and pyuria. At the same time there were 5 cases with sterile pyuria. 6 girls had nitrite in their urine samples. All of the urine samples with positive nitrite test had significant bacteriuria. The study shows that there is a positive correlation between pyuria of nitrite and significant bacteriuria. Escherichia-coli is the most common microorganism in schoolgirls with significant bacteriuria. The incidence of screening bacteriuria was 2.3% which most of them were asymptomatic.

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In this case-control study, 58 transfusion-dependent Thalassemic patients compared with 46 normal healthy persons on study of their thyroid size & function. In this study, thalassemia patients divided in two groups: Group one 31 patients with (Ferritin<1500) and group two 27 patients with (Ferritin>1500) and 3rd one was named control group (46 healthy persons). These groups were compared to achieve the best possible results and conclusion out of 31 patients. From first group 26 people had normal thyroid function test only 5 patients (16%) had goiter. From 27 patients in second group, 5 people (19%) had normal thyroid and 22 patients had goiter, in 3rd group 29% had normal thyroid, the difference between second and third groups were significant (P<0.01). In second group T4 level were lower than control, instead the TSH level were more than control group. The difference in second and third group were significant. The mean of T3 and T4 in group one and three don’t have significant differences. Conclusion: The goiter incidence and hypothyroidism in major Thalassemia with poor control (Ferritin>1500) are high.

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Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) are produced against lysozomal constituents and primary granules of myeloid cells (Neutrophiles & monocytes) in some rheumatic diseases and wegner’s granulomtosis (WG). This antibodies not only may related to onset of vasculitis lesions, but also have a valuable diagnostic tool, thus, first we tired to evaluated the prevalence of this antibodies in 65 serum of patients with RA and 42 serum of patients with SLE. By using of indirect immunoflourescence assay (IFA), two staining patterns are recognized: Cytoplasmic (C-ANCA) pattern which in 80% of results from anti-PR3, and prenuclear (P-ANCA) pattern, which can result from any antibody directed to myeloperoxidase (MPO), cathepsin G (CG) lactoferrin (LF), elastsae (HLE) and lysozyme (LZ). The sensitivity and specificity for SLE from 1:128 serum dilution was 8% and 85.1% respectively, and for RA from 1:16 dilution was 32.2% and 87.5% respectively. Of the 19 SLE, ANCA positive patients 18 (94.7%) had P-ANCA and 1 patient (5.3%) had C-ANCA and of the 23 RA, ANCA positive patients, 17 (73.9%) had P-ANCA and 6 patients (26.1%) had C-ANCA.

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In this research we examined the sensitivity of micronucleus assay for monitoring clastogenic effects of low dose fast neutrons. Syrian mice (12 weeks old) were irradiated by fast neutrons emitted from a 241Am-9Be source. The absorbed dose was 1.5, 2.25, 3.375 and 5.06 cGy. Mice were scarified by cervical dislocation at different post irradiation times (24, 48 and 72 h). The results obtained show that the frequency of neutron-induced micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes (PCES) is significantly higher than those of control groups (P<0.05) at neutron dose used in this experiment. We concluded that micronucleus assay is an effective and also inexpensive method for monitoring clastogenic effects of high LET radiation in low dose levels.

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Most cancer patients complain from pain in final part of their disease. One of the aims of health center, in the country is how to relieve pain from such patients. Therefore we tried to carry on a semi-experimental research to find out the effectiveness of Morphine by either continuous infusion or intermittence injection in such patients. We used non-random sampling, the total number of samples were 11 female and 9 male. These patients were on their final phase of disease. The process that we collected the information was based on the check-list which consist of two sections, in first part the demographic characterization of patients was recorded, using observation and interview with patients and in second part of these check-list the level of pain was assessed using visual analogue scale, which marked every two hours and finally the average of this scale in 24 hours is evaluated using as index in our study. Our results indicate that continuous infusion is more effective in relieving pain than intermittence injection (P<0.03). The results of this investigation showed that, age, sex and different type of cancer has got no meaningful variation in changing the main findings of this semi-experimental research.

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Cryptorchidism means undersecending testes, it is one of the most disorder in boy’s urogenital system. The aim of this research is to study the cryptorchidism prevalency in newborn boys in Gorgan. This research is a descriptive and cross-sectional study and the population under examination are those newborn boys that are given birth in Dizyani Hospital during 1377. 2318 newborn boys examined by standard physical method and the relation between this disorder and the following parameters has been the main concerns of this study, these are as follow: Either bilateral or unilateral cryptorchidism, mother’s age, parity, birth weight, maturating as birth, and race. The results of this study show, that from 2318 newborn boys 89 infant (3.8%) have cryptorchidism at birth. From those latter figures 2.3% are unilateral and 1.5% are bilateral. Our result indicate that there is a significant correlation between cryptorchidism gestational age (P<0.0001) and birth weight (P<0.0001) but there is no relation between cryptorchidism with mother age and parity. The present research also indicate that cryptorchidism prevalency in under-weight newborn and premature infant is considerably increased. The conclusion of our study indicate that cryptorchidism prevalency has got no significant differences from previous investigations.

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This study has been carried out on the 491 local children whom have been selected on random sampling in 20 villages around Gorgan. The size of the height and weight of NCHS standard has been used for comparison. The results of this study shows that the height and weight of all the children in any age group is below NCHS standard. It take more time to reach to acceptable height than reaching to a standard growth and weight. Children in any age experience delay in height monotonously but it has been recorded than in initial years of life, children experience shorter delay in growth and weight but by increasing the age, the delay in the former indices increased as well. In the whole, the rate of the malnutrition will be worsen after the breast feeding period is stopped.

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Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Histologic grading is one of the prognostic factors in breast cancer. The present study performed in analytic descriptive method and based on the slide review of beast biopsies received in the pathology department of 5th Azar Hospital from 1976 to 1978, and on the basis of Bloom-Richardson criteria (Mitoses, tubule formation and nuclear pleomorphism). The results are consist of: 1) Infiltrating duct carcinoma is the most common histopathologic form, and tubular carcinoma is the least common 2) The most common age is 36-45 years 3) There is meaningful relationship between mitoses and tubule formation and between pleomorphism and tubule formation. But there is no relation between nuclear pleomorphism and tubule formation in the tumor. Histologic grading of breast carcinoma should be reported by pathologist for clear determination of prognosis and also the best choice for management of the tumors.

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Intestinal parasites have worldwide prevalence and is considered to be as one of the most important hygienic problems in the world. As a whole, we can say there is no where in the world without parasites infestations. For the assessment of parasitic infestations of children under 2 years old in urban areas of Semnan, sample of stools for 3 consecutive days of 359 children under 2 years old, whom were accompanied by their mothers to the health center, were obtained. Samples were recognized by Formalin/ether and direct methods and thionin staining. From 359 children below 2 years old that their stools were examined, 14.2% of them had Protozoa infestation and Giardia Lamblia by 10% was the most common parasite. In these children, infestation by intestinal helminths was not seen and infestation by pathogen parasites was seen in 10.3%. There was significant association between the age and infestation by intestinal parasites (P=0.0000). There was not any significant association between the sexual, areas condition (Tropical/cold) by intestinal parasites. The most common parasite was Giardia. Therefore, educating mothers the principles of hygiene, can prevent infestation to parasites and the potential complications.

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Low birth weight (LBW) is the main known determinant mortality in under 1 year old children particularly in neonates. The aim of this research is to study the rate of LBW and evaluation of some effective factors in LBW, such as: Difference races, residential conditions, maternal age, parity. This research is analytic-descriptive and cross-sectional study. The study population consists of 2183 newborns that are given birth in Dezyani Hospital during 1996. These samples were chosen by systemic randomized technic (3:1). Information was gathered by a questionnaire. The findings show that LBW rate was 6.3% in population under study, which in male and female newborns were 5.7% and 6.9% respectively. The LBW rates in newborns with mothers age?18 years old and those with ?35 years were 1.8% and 1.4% folds higher than LBW rates for newborns with mothers age 19-35 years. The LBW percentage for primiparous women were 1.9 folds to multiparous who had 2-4 deliveries. LBW rates for newborns with Systanie race were approximately 1.8 folds higher than newborns with Torkman ethnic. The results of this study indicate factors such as: Maternal age, race, parity, affect on LBW rates.

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Pain is a symptom of disease and most diseases accompanied with pain, specially among hospitalized post-operative patients. Several drugs and routes of administrations have used for post operative pain control. We compared post op analgesic effects of Diclofenac suppository to intramuscular Pethedine in post op inguinal herniorrhaphy patients. This study is a clinical trial on 40 patients who were operated due to unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy. They divided into two groups incidentally. In Diclofenac Na group each patient received 100 mg Diclofenac Na supp every 8 hours. In Pethedine group each patient received 0.5 mg/kg Pethedine, intramuscularly. Pain severity of the patients controlled for 24 hours with visual comparation method and mean pain severity compared among 2 groups in the first 24 hours. Mean pain severity difference of Pethedine groups patients compared to Diclofenac Na group was 6.10 with standard error of 3.57 with (P<0.212) had no meaningful difference during first post operative phase. We concluded that Diclofenac Na is a suitable substitute of 24 hours intramuscular Pethedine for post op pain relief.

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Background & Objective: Free radicals are formed in all living organisms during normal cell metabolism. Patients with chronic renal failure, which regularly dialyzed are the candidates for, free radical damages. The aim of this study with the discriminative information was to evaluate the effect of hemodialysis on Lipid peroxidation (The level of Lipid peroxidation expressed as malondialdehyde) and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme (Glutathione peroxidase) before and after the dialysis and compared with control group, to find out the effect of hemodialysis on the level of Lipid peroxidation of plasma and the activity of erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme. Materials & Methods: This investigation was an analytical type of study and sampling procedure was according to purposive method. 22 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) disease who were hemodialysed at 5th Azar Hospital of Gorgan dialysis center and 22 age and sex matched healthy control were recruited for this study. The data was analyzed by SPSS software using T-test. Results: Plasma malondialdehyde showed significant difference between the predialysis (And control group. It was increased in the postdialysis group (2.32±0.38 nmol/ml) when compared with predialysis (1.27±0.23 nmol/ml) and control group (0.98±0.17 nmol/ml). Erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme was decreased in postdialysis group (22.26±4.76 unit/gram hemoglobin) when compared with predialysis (29.66±5.95 unit/gram hemoglobin) and control group (37.52±6.26 unit/gram hemoglobin). There was also significant difference between control and predialysis group. Erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme was lower than control group in dialysis group. Conclusion: The observation of meaningful differences in reduction of erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme and increasing level of plasma Lipid peroxidation in the hemodialysed patients after the process of dialysis, maybe related with the patient, uremia, dialysis membrane (The loosing antioxidant enzyme through this membrane), and the dialysis process (May increase Lipid peroxidation during the dialysis process). These states of affairs may play an important role in progress of cardiovascular abnormality in hemodialysed patients. Due to this conditions a review of hemodialysis membrane, the techniques used in the dialysis, the consumption of various oral antioxidant, the elimination of active oxygens from the dialysis surrounding are among the measures which can prevent sudden cardiovascular abnormality in the hemodialysis patients and ultimately these important factors up-grade the patients quality of life.

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Background&Objective: Electromagnetic fields are present everywhere in our environment with various intensities, so, investigation about their effects on living organism is very important. The aim of this experiment study to investigate the effect of magnetic field on bone resorption, PTH and calcitonin concentration and their correlations. Materials&Methods: In this experimental research, 30 Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 3 groups. Test group animals, were exposed to magnetic field (100µT, 50 Hz), 4 hours per day for a period of 42 days. Experimental condition for control-1 group was the same as test group, except that, they were not exposed. Animals of control-2 group were killed at the first day of experiment (day 0). Total left femoral bone calcium and phosphorus content and its fracture energy was measured at days 28 and 42 in control-1 and test group and on day 0 in control-2 group. However, serum calcium, phosphorus, PTH and calcitonin concentration were measured on day 0, the first day of exposure, and thereafter once per two weeks. Results: Total bone calcium content in test group was significantly lower than control-1 and 2 groups, and bone fracture energy showed a slightly decrease. On the other hand, serum calcium and phosphorus concentration increased significantly on 28th and 42nd days compared to day 0. There was a decrement in serum PTH concentration and increment in serum calcitonin concentration during the exposure period. Conclusion: Our results suggested that magnetic field could have a direct effect on bone resorption, and observed changes in PTH and calcitonin were in good correlation with serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations (negative feed back) and these changes also prevent further increase in bone resorption.

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Background&Objective: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a xenobiotic estrogenic compound that are a monomer of some plastics (poly carbonate and epoxy resin) that are widely used in dental sealant, dishes and tableware. This compound has suspected to have estrogenic effects on reproductive system and related to endocrine disrupting chemicals. In this present study we investigated possible low dose effects of BPA on testis weight and structure and prostate weight. Materials&Methods: Male wistar rats (12-13 week old) were administrated a daily intra peritoneal 10µg/kgbw/day, 50µg/kgbw/day, 100µg/kgbw/day dose of BPA for6 and 12 days and one day after last injection testis and prostate weighted and histological section of testes prepared( 5 micrometer ) and stained by H&E and weigert hematoxilin . All data were expressed as means±SE. two-way ANOVA and chi- quire was performed. Results: in compare with control group, testis and prostate weight of dose groups were decreased. Disruptions of epithelial layer cells of semniferous tubules were detected. Conclusion: The present study showed that BPA at low doses affects histological structure and weight of testis and prostate, in the adult wistar rat.

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Background&Objective: Lead toxicity is a common popular problem. Many researches were performed about this toxicity both in-vivo and in-vitro since 100 years ago.Those studies showed that lead have toxic effects such as behavioral disorders, decrease of IQ and decrease of learning and memory. Also lead has neurotoxic effects such as decrease of neuronal density in visual cortex of monkey, cell death in hippocampus and decrease of acetylcolin in rat’s hippocampus. In this study we examin neurotoxic effects of lead on rat’s radial nerve because radial nerve is a mix nerve. Materials&Methods: 24 adult male rats were divided in six groups. Groups I and II received lead acetate 4% and 2%, groups III and IV received disttiled water and normal water for one month.After this time, we killed rats and exposed radial nerve from behind of arm.Then studied them with light and electron microscopy. Results: In experimental groups we saw decrease of myelin sheath diameter and decrease of nuclear density in schwann cell. Also we saw many granules in mitochondrial matrix, active macrophage, edema and disarrangement of myelin sheath layers. Conclusion: We suggest that lead neurophaty is due to schwann cell injury and this lesion lead to decrease of myelin sheath.

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Background&Objective: It is natural that there is close relationship between cranial capacity, and the size of brain, several studies have estimated the cranial capacity which indirectly reflects the brain volume in different countries. In the present study cranial capacity has been estimated in Turkman’s 17-20 years old group in North of Iran. Materials&Methods: This study was carried out on 401 normal 17-20 years old (male 198, female 203) in South-East of Caspian Sea border (North of IRAN). By using linear dimensions of the head (Using Lee- Pearsom's Formula). Results: The mean and SD of cranial capacity in males and females were 1420.6±85 ml and, 1227.2±120 ml, respectively, this difference was significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: This investigation was shown that the cranial capacity is higher in male than female also racial and Geographical factors can affect on cranial capacity.

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Background&Objective: It is very important to choos a proper teaching training method to stimulate people to improve the quality and standard of their life. A proper family planing practic is one of such methods. Materials&Methods: This study is a semi-experimental research which was carried out during 2004 with the aim of comparing the two way of either indivisually or group eduction on the subsequent resuts of family planning practice among the sample populations. Sample population all were the women whome referred to the two health centers in Gorgan. 218 women were choosed by simple methods, and were divided in two groups of 109 randomly. The case and control group were trained in group and in indivisual respectively. Results: After the training of was finshed the women were asked their method of family planning of their choice. 3-6 month afterward this study was focused on the women continuation use of their choices. Collected information was recorded using a questionairs. The results were analyzed using statistic tests such as chi-squar in SPSS software. Conclusion: There was not a meaningfull differences in the efficay of either methods in this sample population, therefore it is suggested to use a group training as it is cheaper and the training is possible to be carried out by few health workers.

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Background&Objective: The scale of depression and the cost of prevention in some disease such as chronic renal failure is high. The present study was set up to determine the scale of depression among the haemodialysis patients. Materials&Methods: The present study a cross-sectional research. The sample population was all of the haemodialysis patients in the Golestan province (129 patients with the age group 11-77 years). The infromation gathered using, two questionairs included demographic characteristic and Beck depression inventory (BDI). Results: It showed that 37.2% of patients suffered from low to modrate depression and 31% from severe depression. Among different variable there was only significant correlation between depression and etiology of chronic renal failure (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that depression is a serious problem in haemodialysis patients and a threat for their health. It is suggested that periodic psychiatric clinical examination should be carried out to have early diagnosis and subsequent treatment of haemodialysis patients.

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Background&Objective: Depression during pregnancy has been indicated as more frequent than depression after child delivery. But this important phenomenon has partly been ignored. This study aims to recognize the prevalence and possible influential factors on depression among pregnant women attended to Mirza Koochek Khan Hospital in Teheran. The study designed as a cross-sectional one and included sample of pregnant women during 2 months of study. Materials&Methods: Beck depression test was employed as data gathering instrument. Moreover, socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the respondents as well as their attitudes towards some reproductive health variables were questioned. The questionnaire piloted and thereafter, 180 pregnant women completed the questionnaire with their own consensus. Results: At least 23/3% of the sample suffered from depression in different degrees, though none of them received or requested treatment. The average score of Beck test among the sample was 11/43 with 5/75 standard deviation. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that indicators related to physical and sexual violence from husbands’ side as well as their educational attainments were more influential variables on depression inducing (respectively). Conclusion: With regard to high prevalence of depression among the respondents, and as it has been indicated in relevant studies conducted in home, the integration of depression screening through appropriate instrument such as Beck test, in mother and child health services delivery seems to be necessary. Also taking into consideration the determinant role of husbands in rise and fall of pregnancy period depression, providing educational programs for husbands in terms of their active participation in alleviating pregnancy related problems and physiological - psychological changes occur during pregnancy suggested.