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Background and Objective: Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most prevalent complications of diabetic micro-vascular that causing sensory loss of the legs, pain and disorder in proprioception after destroying of the lower limbs nervous system afferents consequently leads in balance disorder. This study was done to determine the effectiveness of reflexology and Yumeiho massages on lower limb pain and keep balance in females with diabetic neuropathy.

Methods: In this semi-experimental study, thirty-four patients with diabetic neuropathyin lower limb non-randomly divided into reflexology, Yumeiho and control groups. Pain and balance were measured using the visual analogue scale, Sharpened Romberg and berg test respectively that were completed at baseline and after 6 weeks. Six weeks of Yumeiho and reflexology massaging were applied over 3 days in week for 30 minutes on the experimental groups.

Results: Pain and balance of patients singnificantly improved in reflexology and Yumeiho groups in compared to controls (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between reflexology and Yumeiho groups.

Conclusion: Reflexology and Yumeiho massages have a same impact on the pain rate and balance of lower limb in women with diabetic neuropathy.

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Background and Objective: Stiffness and restricted range of movement (ROM) affect muscle balance and body alignment. The purpose of this research is the study the relationship between Iliopsoas tightness and hip active range of motion, extensor-flexor muscle strength and thoracolumbar curves.
Methods: This case-control study was carried out on 15 adolescent's male soccer players with short length of Iliopsoas muscle as case group and 15 healthy adolescents witch matched based on age, height, weight, BMI, dominant leg and sport experience as control group. The range of motion was measured with universal goniometer, kyphosis and lordosis with flexible ruler and muscle strength with manual dynamometer.
Results: The range of motion of the hip extension and the strength of the Iliopsoas muscle in the case group were statistically lower than the control group (P<0.05). The rate of lumbar lordosis and the ratio of gluteus maximus to the strength of the Iliopsoas muscle in the case group were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the range of motion of hip flexion, dyspnea kyphosis, and gluteus maximus muscle strength in the studied groups.
Conclusion: Adolescents with Iliopsoas tightness have limited hip extension and greater lumbar lordosis and weaker Iliopsoas strength in comparison to healthy counterparts.

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Background and Objective: Recent conservative management of sub-acromial shoulder impingement (SSI) includes general strengthening exercises, especially for internal (IR) and external (ER) shoulder rotators. Despite various studies, so far, there is no directly investigated for indicating the difference in muscle strength between patients with SSI and normal subjects. This study was done to compare the shoulder joint muscles’ strength in male students with and without SSI.
Methods: This case-control study was conducted on  Twenty-four students with SSI as case group and 24 normal students as controls.The subjects in both groups matched for hand dominance and physical activity level, completed isokinetic shoulder IR and ER testing. In the case group, 18 patients had the symptoms in their dominant and 6 patients in their non-dominant side. Both sides IR and ER of shoulder were measured separately using continuous reciprocal concentric and eccentric contraction cycles at speed of 60 and 120 degrees per second, respectively. Values of peak torque were compared between the case and control groups.
Results: There was a significant difference between the two groups only when the symptomatic SSI shoulder was the dominant shoulder. Eccentric and concentric ER peak torque at 120 degree per second (22.20±7.01, 11.36±3.36), eccentric ER peak torque at 60 degree per second (20.53±6.15) and eccentric IR peak torque at 60 degree per second and 120 degree per second were significantly lower in the symptomatic dominant shoulder case group in compared to the dominant shoulder control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Changes in eccentric and concentric peak torque in SSI group may be related to limb dominance, which may have implications for strengthening regimes. Therefore, clinicians and therapeutic exercise expertise may benefit from eccentric isokinetic exercises for shoulder IR and ER rotators in order to design a treatment plan for patients with SSI.

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Background and Objective: Strength and flexibility are the factors affecting the athlete's performance. This study was done to determine the effect of eccentric training on knee strength and hamstring flexibility in active females with hamstring tightness.
Methods: In this clinical trial study, 24 active female athletes with hamstring tight were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. For measurement of strength, including the eccentric and concentric peak torque and the time to reach the peak torque in speeds of 60 and 180 degrees per second, isokinetic dynamometer device .For measurement of hamstring flexibility, a passive knee extension test was used six weeks before and after the eccentric training of hamstring.
Results: After six weeks of eccentric training, a significant  improvement was observed in test scores of passive knee extension (PKE) test and also in the maximum torque and time to reach the maximum torque eccentric flexor knee in angular velocity of 60 degrees per second in the interventional  group compared to controls (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Eccentric training increases flexibility and eccentric strength of hamstring muscles in active females with hamstring tightness.

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Background and Objective: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most serious knee injuries and it happens frequently during sports activities. Appropriate muscle activity is essential to provide joint stability and prevention of ACL injury. This study was performed to determine the effect of external focus instructions and functional training on basketball knee stabilization muscle activity timing.
Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 48 healthy male basketball players of the Iranian Provincial League in the age range of 19-25 years. The basketball players were randomly divided into 3 groups of 16 people including control group, functional training group with feedback and group without feedback. The timing of the onset of electrical activity in the quadriceps, hamstrings, and Gluteus medius muscles of individuals before and after eight weeks in the single-leg landing task was examined by electromyography.
Results: There was a significant difference between the groups at the onset of Biceps Femoris, Gluteus Maximus, Gluteus Medius, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Lateralis, Rectus Femoris and Medial Hamstring muscles. There was a significant decrease in muscle activity onset between functional groups with and without feedback in compared to control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the training groups at the beginning of the activity of the mentioned muscles.
Conclusion: Functional basketball training with and without feedback can optimize the activity time of the knee stabilizing muscles, during exercises such as jump-landing, increase the stability of the knee joint and possibly reduce ACL injury in athletes.

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Background and Objective: One of the most common complications of mild cognitive impairment is increased body sway and falls. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of Pilates training on control posture in patients with mild cognitive impairment.
Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 30 women with mild cognitive impairment who referred to elderly Research Center in Kermanshah city, north-west of Iran during 2019. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups including Pilates Training and control groups. Pilates training group was trained for eight weeks, 3 sessions per week and duration for each session was one hour. The control posture of the subjects before and after the exercise was evaluated.
Results: There was significant difference in obtained scores in the size and distance of the center of pressure area range with open and closed eyes in the intervention group, prior and after training (P<0.05). The mean postural control (the size and distance of the center of pressure area range with open and closed eyes) reduced after 8 weeks of Pilates exercises in the intervention group in compared to control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Pilates training is effective in improving postural control in patients with mild cognitive impairment.

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Background and Objective: The scientific evidence related to the effectiveness of rehabilitation on electromyographical activity of trunk muscles is limited. This study was performed to determine the effect of movement-pattern training on frequency of selected trunk muscles during single-leg landing in individuals with non-specific chronic low back pain.
Methods: In this clinical trial study, 28 patients with non-specific chronic low back pain were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The control group did not receive treatment. The intervention group performed treatment as a movement-pattern training. Subjects performed single leg landing from 30 cm height. Trunk muscle activity was assessed using an 8-chanel EMG system. The assessments were completed in pre-test and after six weeks.
Results: Frequency content of right rectus abdominus and right lumbar erector spinae in intervention group were lower than control group (P<0.05). In other muscles ant there was not any significant significant differences between interventional and control groups.
Conclusion: The movement-pattern training can be used in rehabilitation of individuals with non-specific chronic low back pain.

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Background and Objective: Long-standing groin pain (LSGP) is a common injury in ball games. This study aimed to compare the electrical activity of selected lumbopelvic-hip muscles during a single leg jump-cut maneuver in football players with LSGP and healthy players.
Methods: In this case-control study, 32 football players were divided into two groups: LSGP (n=16) and healthy (n=16). A force plate was used to determine the heel-contact and heel-off moment. The ground reaction forces and the average of three trials of the electrical activity of selected lumbopelvic-hip muscles during a single leg jump-cut maneuver were recorded bilaterally.
Results: At the heel-contact moment, the rectus abdominis and adductor longus muscles on the dominant side and the multifidus muscle on the opposite side showed significantly higher activity in the LSGP group compared to the healthy group (P<0.05). Similarly, at the peak of the vertical reaction force, the rectus abdominis and adductor longus muscles on the dominant side and the multifidus and gluteus medius muscles on the opposite side were significantly more active in the LSGP group (P<0.05). At the toe-off moment, the internal oblique, adductor longus, and gluteus medius muscles on the dominant side and the internal oblique, multifidus, and gluteus medius muscles on the opposite side were also more active in the LSGP group compared to the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Long-standing groin pain causes changes in the electrical activity of muscle groups during different phases of the single-leg jump-cut maneuver, leading to increased dynamic stability and possibly an increased risk of overuse injuries, chronic injuries, economic consequences, and exclusion from sports activities.