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The appearance of the Tuberculosis drug resistance caused to expand the research about the new drugs. LSJ medium used as a main base for culturing the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in most place of the world. A group of the anti-microbial substance which are used to treat the Tuberculosis are sensitive to heat and they can not be used in LSJ medium. In the performed research by considering the primary possibilities in each Tuberculosis research laboratory a method designed used for the drug resistance. In this method the using of the drugs for treatment of Tuberculosis examined and it was compared with the standard method. The primary contact in the 48 hours of the Mycobacterium in middle broke 7H9 broth showed the same results as the middle broke 7H10 Agar culture.

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Background and Objective: Tuberculosis is one of the major problem facing of globle health. Drug resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis to antimicrobial agent has strongly emerged the need for achiving the new drugs. Garlic as medical plants has long been taken under investigation. This study for antibacterial effect was done to determine the morphological alteration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis due to garlic choloformic extract. Garlic extract contains allicine (thio-2-propen-sulfonic acid-s-allil ester) is one of its effective antimicrobacterial substance. Materials and Methods: In a in-vitro study, the standard strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV and clinical isolated strain was cultured in the middle broke 7H9 broth with different concentration of garlic extract in different 12, 24, 48, 72 hours. Morphological althertits of mycobacterium inspected with macroscopic and microscopic studies. Results: The garlic exteract caused conversion of rough colonies to smooth and mucoid colonies and in microscopic studies morphologic change of mycobacterium from bacilli form to coccobacilli and cocci was observed. Also 0.67 mg/ml of garlic exteract on 48h period inhibited both of sensitive (standard strain of H37RV) and resistance (clinical strains) Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Conclusion: This study showed that garlic extract in addition to inhibiting growth, change the morphology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from baccilli to cocoibaccill form and also alter the colony apearance from rough to smooth shap.

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Background and Objective: The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II classification system has been extensively used for predicting the patient mortality in various diseases admission in ICU ward. The aim of this study was to assess the predicting mortality rate of patients in critical care unit using APACHE-II index. Materials and Methods: This descriptive analytial study was done on 204 hospitalized patients with multiple diagnostic diseases admitted to ICU ward in Gazvin Kusar hospital during 2007. We used than demographic questionnaire and APACHE-II tool to evaluate the prediction mortality rate. Results: Out of 204 patients admitted, 147 (72.1%) survived. Mean APACHE-II score of the subjects was 11.38 (with arrange of 0 to 41). The predicted death rate was 30.26% and the observed death rate was 27.9%. There was a perfect correlation between APACHE-II score and predicted death rate (r=0.976 and P<0.05). Mean APACHE-II score in survivors and non-survivors subjects was 13.97 and 25.36, respectively (t:9.93 P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that APACHE-II score can truly predict mortality rate in patients in ICU ward. In addition, this index is helpful in follow up treatment cycle in critical care patients.

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Background and Objective: Until now there is no drug formulated to prevent Neuronal Loss following Brain Stroke. In this study, we compared the effects of the mitoKATP opener, diazoxide, on ultra-structural morphology changes following in cortical neurons following in-vivo ischemic injury. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, Rats randomly allocated in eight experimental groups including sheme, positive control, 1, 5 and 25 mg/kg/body weight of Glybanclamid groups and 2, 6 and 18 mg/kg body weight of Diazoxide experimental groups, respectively. In animals in each experimental groups, only 2 hours following adminstration of Diazoxide or Glybanclamid ischemia was induced for 15 min by the 4-vessel occlusions surgery followed by 24 hours reperfusion. After tissue prosseccing, ultra-structural changes in neuronal mitochondria and nuclei were studied by electromicroscope. Results: Ultrastructural morphological changes including nuclear pyknosis, swollen mitocondria and cristae damage after iscemia were observed in control and sheme groups. These changes were severe in Glybanclamid experimental groups. Also this changes were depend on dosage of Glybanclamid. Ultrastructural changes were decreased in Diazoxide treatment group (18mg/kg body weight), but in 2 and 6mg/kg/body weight of Diazoxide groups these decreasing of Ultrastructural changes was not observed. Conclusion: This study showed that Diazoxide with dosge of 18mg/kg/body weight has neuro-protective effects on diminishing ischemia-induced structural deterioration of neuronal mitochondria and morphological apoptotic changes in nucleus.

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Background and Objective: The Clostridium botulinum is one of the most important causative of food poisoning. Spores of Clostridium botulinum spread out in the soil, the sea sediments, the marine environments and the marine animals. In recent years use of the marine food products like as fish and cultured fish are elevated. The aim of this study was done to compare between processing and non processing fish infected by predominant type of Clostridium botulinum.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was done on the 146 samples of fish in two species of processed and non prosecced that collected from Gilan province in Iran during 2008. These samples included the Liza auratus Fish (45 processed fish and 28 non processed fish) and the Salmo Trutta caspius Fish (34 processing fish and 39 non processing fish). The samples examined according to the APHA2000 and FDA2003 protocols. Data Analyzed with SPSS-13 and Chi-Square test.

Results: 16 (11%) of samples (13% of the processed fish and 7.5% of non processed fish) were confirmed that infected by Clostridium botulinum. Also the dominant type of exotoxin was Type E. The Type E exotoxin was determined from 11 of the samples (6 processed fish and 5 non processed fish).

Conclusion: This study showed that fish are infected by Clostridium botulinum special the type E. also use of fish in bad preparation (half cooking and add material in its stomach) may cause the food poisoning.

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Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents during the peri-operative period is rare but with significant morbidity and mortality. A 21 years old pregnant woman with preeclampsia was scheduled for an emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. After 18 hours of operation, epilepticus status was occurred. One day after control of seizure, aspiration pneumonitis was diagnosed and treated with mechanical ventilation and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). In patients with the history of loss, consciousness, complication of aspiration, aspiration pneumonia and pneumonitis particularly should be considerated. In case of onset of pneumonitis, PEEP treated procedure with other mechanical ventilation is recommaded.

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Background and Objective: Ischemia-reperfusion invoke cell death in hippocampus. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) of dentyte jyrus neurons and pyramidal cells of CA1 subfiled of hippocampus following ischemia-reperfusion in rat models. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was done on 40 male Wistar rats weighing 250-300gr. Animals were divided in four groups: control (n=7), sham (n=7), ischemia (n=14) and treatment (n=14). Sham group was just under surgical stress. In ischemia and treatment groups after induction of ischemia-reperfiusion by obstruction of carotid arteries blocked for 30 minutes, reperfusion PBS (phosphate buffer salin) and subsequently TGF-alpha (50 ng) were injected stereotaxicaly in lateral ventricle, respectively. In 12 and 72 days after treatment the brains were fixated by transcardial perfusion and stained by immunohistochemestry and nissle methods. Furthermore, morris water maze was used to evaluate the learning memory. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16 and ANOVA test. Results: Injection of TGF-alpha increased the cell number in hippocampus of treatment group compared to ischemic group. TGF-alpha increased expression of neuron in dentyte jyrus of treatment group in comparison with ischemic group (P<0.05). Also spatial memory improved in treatment group in comparison with ischemia group. Conclusion: TGF-alpha improves ischemia-induced neurodegenration and memory impairment.

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Background and Objective: Considering the significant incidence of nosocomial infections in hospitalized patients, this study was done to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from wound infection and drug sensitivity pattern, Tehran-Iran. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, Staphylococcus aureus isolated and identified according to standard procedures from the wound infections of 614 patients referred to Baqiyatallah hospital, Tehran-Iran during 2006-07. The samples were examined and antibiogram was performed by disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar with 12 antibiotics. Results: 100 (16.28%) of wound infection of Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 614 patients. The infection rate in men was twice compared to women. The highest rate 29 (29%) was observed in people aged 40 to 60 group. Also specimen's patients with immunosuppressive diseases (28 cases), surgical site infection (16 cases) and normal wounds (13 cases) were considered to be most prevalent isolates. Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed that 96 (96%) of isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, 95 (95%) and 92 (92%) were resistant to penicillin and cotrimoxazole, respectively. Our result showed that 43% of strains were resistant at 11 antibiotics. Conclusion: This study showed that the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 16.28% of samples, with 43% antibiotic resistance. The highest sensitivity was toward to vancomycin.

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Background and Objective: Brain ischemia is one of the most important factor of morbidity and mortality and leaving many people with mental and physical disabilities. Until now there are no appropriate medications to prevent and cure ischemic injury. This study was done to evaluate the protective effect of Adenosine A1 receptor and ascorbic acid on hippocampal neuronal density and memory disorder in ischemia reperfusion induced Rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was performed on the hippocampus pyramidal neurons on 56 male BALB/c mice. Animals randmly allocated into 8 groups (N=7) including: 1) intact, 2) ischemic control group, 3) ischemic, plus agonist and adenosine of A1 receptor, 4) ascorbic acid (100 mg/daily), 5) ischemic plus agonist adenosine receptor (1 mg/1 kg) one week after ischemia, 6) ischemia, ascorbic acid befor and after ischemia and A1 receptor (1 mg/1 kg) agonist after ischemia, 7) A1 receptor, antagonist (2.25 / 1 kg), one weed after ischemia, 8) Ascorbic acid (100 mg/1kg) before and after ischemia plus A1 receptor antagonist (2.25 / 1 kg) after ischemia. Ischemia induced by clamping of common carotid artery and the drugs was injected subsequently into peritoneum after reduction of inflammation of ischemic zone. The Y-maze memory test performed after completing the treatment period, afterward brains fixed and prepared for microscopic nissl staining method. The counting of pyramidal cells were performed at 53500 square micrometer of CA1. Data were analyzed using SPSS-15 and ANOVA test. Results: The Y-maze test showed extensive deficit in short-term memory in ischemic group (PA=200) but in treatment groups this deficit significantly reduced (PA=243, 248 and 265). The normal neuronal cell in ischemic group was significantly lowered (n=87) than treatment groups (n=111, 105 and 125) including ascorbic acid group (125), adenosine receptor agonist (105) and ascorbic acid plus agonist adenosine receptor (111). The number of normal neuronal cell in ischemic groups significantly is reduced compared to treatment group (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that concurrent treatment of ascorbic acid and Adenosine A1 receptor agonist can significantly reduce the complications caused by brain ischemia in CA1 area of hippocampus.

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Background and Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common in psychology and Methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) is one of the most frequently prescribed pediatric medicine. This study was done to determine the effect of Methylphenidate hydrochloride on ovarian and pituitary gonadotropin hormone in peripubertal mice Materials and Methods: This experimental study was done on 40 preipubertal female mice (BALB/c) with three weeks age and approximate 12-15 gram. The mice were allocated randomly in one control and three experimental groups, designated as I, II and III. Animals in group I, II and III were received by gavage Methylphenidate hydrochloride with 2, 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight for six days, respectively. At the end of experiment body weight, serum estrogen, progesterone and pituitary gonadotropins were measured. Morphometric and histopathological evaluation of ovary were examined. Data were analyzed using SPSS-17, ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: The body weight and ovary dimensions of animals in experimental groups were reduced significantly in comparison with control (P<0.05). Abnormal cells, structural alternations of granules cells and follicular growth abnormality were observed in experimental groups I and III in compare to control group. A significant reduction of estrogen, in group I, progesterone levels in group I and III were observed in comparison with the controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that the Methylphenidate hydrochloride administration induces the reduction of body weight, ovary dimensions and hormones.

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Background and Objective: Considering the role of the hippocampus in memory, this study was done to evaluate the effect of 3-4,methylenedioxymethamphetamine on CA1 hippocampal neurons in male rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 18 sprague dawley male rats (200-250g) were randomly allocated into three groups as follow: control (intact), control sham and experimental groups. Sham and experimental groups were received normal salin (1 cc) and MDMA10mg/kg IP for 7 days, respectively. Following transcardial perfusion by paraformaldehid 4%, structure and ultrastructure of right CA1 hippocampus were assessed by crysel violet staining and electronic microscope. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16, ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: There was no significant difference between control (mean=210±40.38) and sham groups (mean=199±38.7) in neuron density. Neuron number decreased significantly in experimental group (mean=98±25.4) in compare to control and sham groups (P<0.001). There was no ultrastructural abnormality in control and sham groups. Finally, ultrastructural changes with apoptosis characterized by mitochondrial cristae reduction, distribution of nuclear chromatin and loss of cytoplasmic organelles in MDMA groups. Conclusion: This study shows that MDMA administration can stimulate the cell death with apoptotic pattern in hippocampus.

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Background and Objective: The first effect of stress on the immune system is usually a rapid increase in function which manifests itself by an increase in the number of inflammatory cytokines in blood. It is however, followed by a decrease of function in immunological response. During inflammation, the expression of hepcidin gene is increased in order to keep iron away from pathogens. This study was conducted to determine the effect of chronic mild stress on the expression of hepcidin gene in the hippocampus of the male adult rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was carried out on 30 adult male Wistar rats, weighing approximately 200-250 grams. They were randomly allocated into two groups of 15 rats: control and chronic mild stress group. Animals in intervention group were exposed to chronic mild stress for 3 weeks. At the end of the stress protocol, 2 ml blood sample was collected to measure the serum concentration of IL-6. Real time PCR method was used to investigate hepcidin expression in hippocampus. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16 and independent t-test. Results: The mean level of IL-6 was significantly higher in the CMS exposure group (27.98±0.84 pg/ml) than control group (18.29±1.18 pg/ml) (P<0.05). Hepcidin expression in the hippocampus of intervention group was significantly higher (2.69±0.226%) in compared to control group (1±0.105) (P<0.001). Conclusion: This study showed that chronic mild stress increases the expression of hepcidingene and the serum level of IL-6 in adult rats.

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Background and Objective: Reduction in cerebral blood flow following cereblal ischemia cause the production of oxygen free radicals and finally leads to brain tissue destruction. Pyramidal cells of the CA1 region of hippocampus are highly sensitive to hypoxic condition. This study was done to determine the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and vitamine E on cellular density of CA1 hippocampal area, learning ability and memory, following ischemia - reperfusion injury in mice. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was done on 40 male mice in 5 groups as follow: sham control, ischemia, hCG treated, vitamine E treated and hCG + vitamine E treated groups. Single dose of vitamin E was injected intraperitonaly during the establishment of reperfusion and hCG was injected from 48h after ischemia for 5 days. Folowing the treatment period, mice brains were fixated by transcardial perfusion and stained by nissle method. The shuttle box was used to evaluate the learning memory. Results: Co-administartion of vitamine E and hCG, significantly increased the cell numbers in hippocampus compared to the ischemic group (P<0.001). Also learning and memory improved in treatment group in comparison with ischemia group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Co-administration of vitamin E and hCG improved ischemia-induced neurodegenration and memory impairment.

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Background and Objective: Para-nonylphen as an environmental pollutant has weak estrogenic activity and causes oxidative stress in different organs including testis. This study was done to determine the protective effect of vitamin E on the para-nonylphenol induced-testicular toxicity in adult rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups including control, vitamin E (100 mg/kg/day, orally), para-nonylphenol (250mg/kg/day, orally) and finally para-nonylphenol (250mg/kg/day, orally) plus vitamin E (100mg/kg/day, orally). After 56 days of treatment, removal of the right testis, tissue processing and staining with Heidenhain's Azan, the morphometric parameters of testicular tissue was evaluated using stereological method. Results: The mean volume of seminiferous tubules, height of the germinal epithelium, seminiferous tubules diameter, thickness of the basement membrane, number of spermatocyte, spermatid and sertoli cells significantly reduced in para nonylphenol group compared to the controls (P<0.05). These parameters were significantly increased in the para-nonylphenol plus vitamin E group compared to para nonylphenol group (P<0.05). In the histopathological examination, atrophy of seminiferous tubules, germinal epithelium vacuolation and epithelial disarrangement were observed in para nonylphenol group. Histopathological alterations reduced in para-nonylphenol plus vitamin E group compared to para nonylphenol group. Conclusion: Co-administration of vitamin E with para nonylphenol can prevent the adverse effects of para nonylphenol on the testicular tissue in adult rats.

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Background and Objective: The acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disease with an accumulation of the abnormal and undifferentiated blastic myeloid cell in the bone marrow, leading to abnormal hematopoiesis. This study was done to determine the NPM1 and FLT3-(ITD) mutations and laboratory findings in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was carried out on 40 (24 males, 16 females) patients with newly acute myeloid leukemia in Northwest of Iran. The mutation of NPM1 and FLT3-ITD were evaluated using PCR method in 25 patients. In all patients, the flowcytometry findings in the bone marrow, leucocytosis and the LDH levels were evaluated prior to the chemotherapy. Results: The mutation of FLT3-ITD and NPM1 genes was detected in 15 (60%) and 9 (36%) of patients, respectively. FLT3-NPM1+ mutation was seen in 4 (16%) patients. Leukocytosis, LDH level and AML in different classes did no show any significant difference between FLT3-NPM1+ and other gene mutations. Conclusion: The mutation of FLT3-ITD gene was nearly twice than NPM1 in acute myeloid leukemia.

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Background and Objective: Thrombophilia is characterized by increasing blood coagulability. It causes preeclampsia and repeated abortions. This study was done to determine the corrolation of coagulation factors deficiency with preeclampsia. Method: This case-control study was carried out on 142 pregnant women with preeclampsia as caess and 142 pregnant women without preeclampsia as controls. Coagulation factors including Prs, prc, and anti-thrombin-3 were measured using ELISA and chromogenic methods. Results: Prs deficiency was found in 2 (1.4%) and 6 (4.2%) of cases and controls, respectively. This difference was not significant. Prc and anti-thrombin- 3 deficiencies was not found in cases and controls. Conclusion: There is not any relation between deficiencies of coagulation factors with preeclampsia.

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Background and Objective: Stem cells are a suitable treatment method for improvement of central nervous system diseases. Neuron regeneration is occure in damaged region using stem cell transplantation. This study was done to determine the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on memory and neuronal cells graft number in the trimethyltin chloride damaged hippocampus. Methods: In this experimental study, 28 wistar male rats were allocated into four groups including control, model, Vehicle and treatment groups. Animals were received 8 mg/kg/bw of neurotoxin trimethyltin chloride by the intraperitoneal injection for causing damaged in hippocampus. One week after intraperitoneal injection of trimethyltin chloride, stem cells was injected by stereotaxy method. Six weeks after stem cells injection, the spatial memory was assessed by Morris water maze and histological studies were done by Nissl staining and normal cells count by Olysia bio report software. Results: After bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells graft, the number of normal cells were more in the treatment group (74±15.190) in compared to the Vehicle (44.67±12.971) and Model (48.56±18.105) groups (P<0.05). Also in Morris water maze test, the treatment group (387.35±189.18), (31.30±13.67) spent shorter distance and escape latency to reach the hidden platform, but this reduced non significantly in compared to Vehicle (438.18±192.56), (40.14±14.89) and model (407.98±225.44), (37.68±17.15) groups. The model and Vehicle groups spent longer distance to reach the hidden platform in comparision with the control (275.45±165.10) group (P<0.05). Also the traveled distance in target quarter had significant increased in the treatment groups (799.80±125.91) in compared to model (588.51±136.94) and Vehicle (546.48±86.47) groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Using the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells leads to reduce hippocampal lesions and increase the number of pyramidal neurons and improving memory in damaged hippocampus in animal model.

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Background and Objective: Bacterial resistance to Imipenem is increased in bacterial infections in Iran. In regard to the importance of Imipenem in the treatment of nosocomial infections and the key role of disc diffusion method as a major antibiotic susceptibility testing assay, this study was done to determine the prevalency of imipenem-resistant bacterial strains isolated from hospital and accuracy of Iranian imipenem disc product. Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 241 bacteria were isolated from patients in different wards of the Baqyatallah hospital in Tehran, Iran during 2013-14. After streaking of the organisms, identification was performed by all conventional biochemical tests. The bacterial resistance to imipenem was determined by disk diffusion method using Iranian and Mast imipenem discs. True imipenem-resistant isolates were examined for susceptibility to six different antibiotic including Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Cephalexin, Azitromysin, Tetracycline and Ceftazidim, using disk diffusion method. Results: The most prevalent isolates organisms were gram-negative bacilli (Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively). The common clinical source was urine and wound samples, respectively. Resistant to Imipenem was 68 (25.7 %) and 19 (7.8 %) based on the results of Iranian and Mast Imipenem discs, respectively. False results for Iranian Imipenem discs was higher than Mast Imipenem discs (P<0.05). Among the 19 true Imipenem resistant isolates, 17 micro organisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 57% of isolated resistant to Imipenem were isolated from ICU ward. The most resistance was seen to Gentamicin (84%) and the lowest was seen to Ciprofloxacin (63%). 84% of isolated samples were multi drug resistance. Conclusion: Although a small percentage of the isolates obtained as important nosocomial pathogens were resistant to Imipenem, but the rate of multiple resistance and high rate of isolates obtained from ICU was noticeable.

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Background and Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory and systemic disease with peripheral, symmetric polyarthritis symptoms. Several genetic, environmental, and immunological factors contribute greatly to the disease pathogenesis. This study was done to evaluate the effect of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti - CCP) and rheumatoid factor on clinical disease activity index (CDAI) in the patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: This prospective cohort study was done on 64 rheumatoid arthritis patients according to ACR criteria (1978) whom referred to Rheumatology Clinic of Hajar Hospital in Shahrekord, Iran. Patients were clinically examined for primary CDAI and tested for anti - CCP and rheumatoid factor in the prior and six months after the initiation of the study. Results: 81.3% and 74% of the patients had high titers of anti – CCP antibody and positive rheumatoid factor, respectively. A non-significant recudtion was observed in intensity of secondary clinical activity of the disease in compare to primary clinical activity in the patients with high antibody titer. Conclusion: This study indicated the important role of rheumatoid factor and anti- CCP antibody in the on time diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.

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Background and Objective: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are the most common agent which causes diarrhea, worldwide. ETEC is colonized along the cells and then producing heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable enterotoxigenic which enter into intestinal epithelial cells and causes water and electrolyte loss from intestinal epithelial cells and eventually cause diarrhea.This study was done to detect the heat-labile toxin in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli using PCR-ELISA technique. Methods: In this descriptive study, DIG-labeled PCR products were bounded to streptoavidin-coated wells of a microtiter plate and detected by anti-DIG–peroxidase conjugate. The biotin-labeled internal probe was used for verification of PCR products. Results: Heat-labile toxin was detected by PCR-ELISA method. The sensitivity of heat-labile toxin was 1.9 ng. This method did not cross-react with bacteria from this variety. Conclusion: PCR-ELISA method is 100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR method and due to lack of agarose gel and electrophoresis device it can be a good alternative to traditional method.