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This study was designed to evaluate the effects of total extract of Phytolacca Decandra on electrophysiological properties of atrioventricular node. Male rat heart after isolation was attached to a Langendorff perfusion system. The stimulation protocol was carried out during control condition (No intervention) and on the presence of selected concentration (1.10-7 %w/v, 2.10-7 %w/v, 5.10-7 %w/v) of Phytolacca Decandra. The basic (Wenchebach, AVCT and ERP) and functional (Recovery) properties of AV-node were studied in solated, perfused male rat cardiac preparations. Total extract of P.decandra significantly increased WBCL, AVCT and ERP in the concentration dependent manner, but had no significant effect on the time constant of recovery. The results of this study demonstrate that total extract of P.decandra had parasympathic-like effect on time-independent properties of AV-node and the above results also showed a potential anti-arrhythmic role of P.decandra in terminating supraventricular tachyarrhythmia.

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In this case-control study, 58 transfusion-dependent Thalassemic patients compared with 46 normal healthy persons on study of their thyroid size & function. In this study, thalassemia patients divided in two groups: Group one 31 patients with (Ferritin<1500) and group two 27 patients with (Ferritin>1500) and 3rd one was named control group (46 healthy persons). These groups were compared to achieve the best possible results and conclusion out of 31 patients. From first group 26 people had normal thyroid function test only 5 patients (16%) had goiter. From 27 patients in second group, 5 people (19%) had normal thyroid and 22 patients had goiter, in 3rd group 29% had normal thyroid, the difference between second and third groups were significant (P<0.01). In second group T4 level were lower than control, instead the TSH level were more than control group. The difference in second and third group were significant. The mean of T3 and T4 in group one and three don’t have significant differences. Conclusion: The goiter incidence and hypothyroidism in major Thalassemia with poor control (Ferritin>1500) are high.

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The term Noonan syndrome has been applied to phenotypic male and female who have certain anomalies that occur also in female with Turner’s syndrome. These patients have normal karyotype. The disorder is very rare. The most common abnormality are short stature, webbing of the neck, Pectus Carinatum or Pectus excavatum, congenital heart disease. This particular case is a 8-year-old girl-patient who referred to pediatric clinic with short stature. Another abnormality in these patients is abnormal facies (Hypertelorism, hypogonadism, piqure chest and webbing of the neck). The patient had moderate mental retardation. Chromosomal analysis revealed 46xx cytogenetic distinguished Noonan syndrome.

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Cryptorchidism means undersecending testes, it is one of the most disorder in boy’s urogenital system. The aim of this research is to study the cryptorchidism prevalency in newborn boys in Gorgan. This research is a descriptive and cross-sectional study and the population under examination are those newborn boys that are given birth in Dizyani Hospital during 1377. 2318 newborn boys examined by standard physical method and the relation between this disorder and the following parameters has been the main concerns of this study, these are as follow: Either bilateral or unilateral cryptorchidism, mother’s age, parity, birth weight, maturating as birth, and race. The results of this study show, that from 2318 newborn boys 89 infant (3.8%) have cryptorchidism at birth. From those latter figures 2.3% are unilateral and 1.5% are bilateral. Our result indicate that there is a significant correlation between cryptorchidism gestational age (P<0.0001) and birth weight (P<0.0001) but there is no relation between cryptorchidism with mother age and parity. The present research also indicate that cryptorchidism prevalency in under-weight newborn and premature infant is considerably increased. The conclusion of our study indicate that cryptorchidism prevalency has got no significant differences from previous investigations.

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This study has been carried out on the 491 local children whom have been selected on random sampling in 20 villages around Gorgan. The size of the height and weight of NCHS standard has been used for comparison. The results of this study shows that the height and weight of all the children in any age group is below NCHS standard. It take more time to reach to acceptable height than reaching to a standard growth and weight. Children in any age experience delay in height monotonously but it has been recorded than in initial years of life, children experience shorter delay in growth and weight but by increasing the age, the delay in the former indices increased as well. In the whole, the rate of the malnutrition will be worsen after the breast feeding period is stopped.

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The treatment of supraventricular arrhythmia include wide range of medical intervention, but ideal drug for treatment of this kind of arrhythmia is yet to be developed. Pharmacological interventions due to their adverse side effects and the possibility of proarrhythmic effects are usually ineffective in treating these conditions. Herbal remedies are suitable alternatives for synthetic drugs, due to their availability, minimal side effects and lower price. Pharmacological studies and traditional medical literature point to the cardiovascular effects of the Achillea Santolina in many instances. In present study, we used isolated heart of langandrof rats as an experimental model to determine the effect of various concentrations of the methanol extract of Achillea santolina (2×10^-7, 2×10^-9, 2×10^-10 W/V) on the electrophysiological properties of the isolated heart. Results of this study show a significant depression of WBCL, AVCT and ERP and non-significant increased in time constant of recovery (trec). It may be therefore be considered a potential role for anti-arrhythmic effect of Achillea Santolina in suppression or treating supraventricular tachyarrhythmia.

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Structurally diverse groups of compounds are known to be effective as Calcium antagonists. The most potent class of antagonists comprises derivatives of 1, 4 Dihydropyridine of which the most widely known agent is Nifedipine. This class of compounds has been subject of many structure-activity relationship studies. In this research we evaluated the Calcium channel antagonists activity of various diester analogues of Nifedipine on rat ileal smooth muscle. In these analogues, the Orthophenyl group at position 4 is replaced by 1 Methyl-2-Meythlusulfonyl or Methylthio-5 Imidazolyl. Wistar rats (180-250 g) were killed by a blow to the head. The intestine was removed above the ileocecal junction and longitudinal smooth muscle segments of 2 cm length were maintained at 37°C in a 10 ml jacket organ bath containing oxygenated intestinal Krbps solution. The contraction were recorded with a forced displacement transducer connected to a physiograph. The contraction was elicited with 80 mmol kcl. Test compounds were cumulatively added to produce 50% relaxation of contracted ileal smooth muscle (IC50) that was determined from the concentration response trace recorded by physiograph. The comparison of activities of symmetrical esters indicates that increasing the length of methylen chain in C3 and C5 esters substituent decreased the activity and comparison of activities of a symmetrical ester, compound indicate when at C3 was a small substituent, increasing the length of methylen chain increase activity.

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One of the methods for CTS diagnosis is to compare distal motor latencies between median and ulnar nerves. In the previous research distal motor latency (DML) of ulnar nerve was recorded from hypothenar area and the median nerve DML was recorded from thenar. In this research we recorded DML of ulnar nerve from thenar area and compared it with DML of median nerve. The aims of this research is to shorten the process of electro diagnosis by preserving the sensitivity. The type of the research is diagnostic clinical trial on 42 normal person and 64 patients with CTS that referred to department of physical medicine and rehabilitation of Shohada Tajrish Hospital in fall and winter of 2000-01 participated in this research. The result of the research is analyzed by student T-test method. The DML of ulnar nerve recorded from thenar in normal persons was 3.52±0.5 ms and the difference between median and ulnar nerve recorded from thenar was 1.23 ms. The P-value of the study were less than 0.0001 that is significant thus this method can be used for diagnosis of CTS.

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Liver is an important organ with major role in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids metabolism. In addition, secretion and excretion of toxic materials occur in this organ. Exposure to a variety of infectious agents such as parasitic, viral, bacterial or toxic materials may lead to liver damage. Today, one of the best way for investigation and diagnosis of liver damage is measurement of some liver enzyme such as Alanine Aminotransferase (GPT or ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (GOT or AST). Since, these enzymes exist in other tissues, measurement of other specific enzyme is required. In this study activity of Ornithine Carbamyltransferase (OCT), the second enzyme in urea cycle, in 56 patients with liver problem (Cirrhosis and viral hepatitis) was determined. SGPT, SGOT, Alb, Bil, ?GT and ALP tests were performed. To assess the health and unhealthy liver in both control and sample groups. Our data shows a correlation between activity of OCT with SGOT (R=0.782, P<0.001) and with SGPT (R=0.857, P<0.001). Since OCT enzyme is specific for liver, further investigation of activity of this enzyme in assessment of other liver problems is required.

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Solvent exposure can affect human health. It can cause different effects in different part of the body. One of the most important side effects is neurobehavioral symptom including mood disorders, short memory, and tiredness. To determine the frequency of neurobehavioral effects in patients of a car producing plant in Tehran and comparing them with other workers in the same plant whom was not being exposed to such solvents. All of car painters (78 persons) as our case group and 83 non-painters as our control group were selected by simple random sampling and neurobehavioral abnormality was assessed by Q16 questionnaire. Neurobehavioral disorders based on above questionnaire was observed in 46% of car painters vs. 36% of non-painters (P=0.10). The significant differences were observed in perspiration without any particular reason (Q8) and feeling irritated without any particular reason (Q4). There was not a significant difference in observed frequency of neurobehavioral abnormalities in patients vs. non-painters, however both of these frequencies were higher than expected frequency reported in other reports.

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Biosynthetic growth hormone is now available in virtually unlimited quantities. As a result because of its growth promoting and anabolic effects, it is widely used in various disorders in both children and adults. Growth hormone has been proven to be beneficial in a small number of diseases causing short stature in children, and in adults with severe growth hormone deficiency or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The hormone is also used on an investigational basis in a variety of disorders causing short stature, as well as in the aged and in several catabolic conditions. It is likely that with time the indications for treatment with this hormone will be increased.

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Background & Objective: Enuresis is a problem in children. In this research the success, rate and recurrence of Imipramine, Desmopresine and conditional therapy has been studied in enuresis treatment of children. Materials & Methods: This study was done on 84 enuresis child between 7-11 years old which were selected by screening at the schools. Patients divided randomly to 3 groups: The 1st group received 25 mg of Imipramine every night. The 2nd group was treated with 20 micg of Desmopresine intranasaly every night. The 3rd group used alarm for conditioning every night. All groups were treated for one month, and 2 weeks without enuresis meaned success. Results: All physical finding and laboratory tests were normal in all patients (FBS, U/A, U/C, kidney and bladder sonography). Patients had in average 8.5 years old. 77.3% of cases were boys and 22.7% were girls. Success rate for therapy was 71.4%, 60% and 50% in-groups 1-3 respectively. Recurrence rate 6 months after therapy was 10%, 55.5% and 25% in-groups 1-3 respectively. Conclusion: Imipramine persists as cheep, available, well-tolerated and effective way of treating enuretic patients. Due to high recurrence rate, Desmopresine is just recommended as a temporary treatment.

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Background & Objective: Gastric cancer is the 2nd cause of cancer mortality after lung cancer. Approximately 12% of all cancer death are due to gastric cancer. Tumorgenesis is thought to be a multistep process involving a series of genetic changes in oncogenes and suppressor genes. The most common cancer-related genetic change known in human tumors is P53 mutation, particularly in gastric cancer. This study was done to determine P53 gene mutations in gastric cancer. Materials & Methods: This study was performed on 44 biopsy from patients with gastric cancer during 2002 in 3 hospitals in Tehran. For determination of P53 gene mutations was performed PCR-SSCP methods. Results: The patients group comprised 31 males and 13 females (Average age, 60.8 years Ranging from 34 to 84 years). 36 cases (81.8%) intestinal type, 5 cases (11.4%) were diffuse type and 3 cases no defined. 44 gastric cancers of gastric tissues were screened for the mutations of P53 gene mutations in exons 5-8 using the PCR-SSCP analysis. After polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 9 patients (20.5%) showed an apparent electrophoretic mobility shift between the cancer and other normal samples. One mutation in exon 5 (11.1%), 2 were detected in exon 6 (22.2%), 3 were found in exon 7 (33.3%) and 3 were detected in exon 8 (33.3%). The mutation rate was 7 of 36 (21.2%) in intestinal type and 2 of (40%) in diffuse type. No significant correlation between P53 gene mutations and age and genus was found. Conclusion: This investigation showed the rate P53 gene mutation (20.5%) in gastric cancer in our society.

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Inguinal hernia is common in midlle age and elderly. It is in two form of direct and indirect. Often the hernia sac consists of omentum and or intestinal segmants, but bladder hernia is very rare. In present patient massive inguinal hernia and urinary retention were associated with ipsilateral nonvisulization and nonfuncting kidney that showed the disease is chronic in nature. The diagnosis is confirm by ultrasonography and retrograde cystography. In cystography, contrast maternal is show in scrotal cavity and commnication of it with bladder. In our case, the diagnosis is made preoperatively with ultrasonograpy and cystography. The patient able to void post-oprative day and scrotal enlargment is compelely reduce. In conclusion it is advised that in patients older than 50 years who have massive inguinoscrotal herina and prostatism cystography to be done mandatory and also preoperative diagnosis is to be made to prevente the injury of bladder and ureter in operating time.

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Background & Objective: No nutrient deficiency is as bad as Iodine deficiency which attributed to a broad spectrum of disorders like goiter, abortion, hypothyroidism, etc. Screening for hypothyroidism must be done before or just after pregnancy. The present study was conducted to evaluate serum TSH and urinary Iodine concentration in pregnant women in Gorgan several years after salt iodization in Iran was implemented. Materials & Methods: From December to March 2004, 97 pregnant women referred for prenatal care to the Deziani Hospital in Gorgan were selected. 2 cc of blood for serum TSH measurement and 2 cc of urine for Iodine concentration measurement were collected. Urine Iodine concentration was measured by Acid digestion and TSH concentration measured by ELISA method. Results: 97 women, 86 (89%) women had normally urinary Iodine, 11 women had Iodine deficiency, 9 women had mild Iodine deficiency (82%) and 2 women (18%) had moderate Iodine deficiency none of them had severe Iodine deficiency. Serum TSH was normal in 90 women and only in 7 women it was more than 4 and none of them had TSH less than 0.3. There were not any significant statistical correlation between age, weight, height, parity, goiter grading, salary, gestational age and urinary Iodine concentration. Conclusion: According to low prevalence of Iodine deficiency in this study Iodine programs were successful in Gorgan and the mean urinary Iodine is high so evaluating of Iodine consumption for preventing of Iodine overload is necessary. Because of complications of Iodine deficiency especially in the 1st trimester of pregnancy regular measurement of urinary Iodine must be done in reproductive ages before pregnancy or just after pregnancy.

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Background&Objective: This study is designed to deteremine the sex differences in volume and surface anatomical parameters in the cingulate cortex of the left cerebral hemispheres in healthy right - handed subjects. Materials&Methods: This cross - sectional descriptive study was performed on 72 human brains (38 males, 34 females). The brains belonged to right - handed subjects who had died of non - neurologic causes. The age of males and females was similar. The brains were removed from the cranium no longer than 24 hours postmortem and were fixed in 4% formaldehyde solution. The right hemisphere of each brain was used for neuropathologic examinations (to confirm the health of the brain) and the left one was used for stereologic analyses. The estimation of the volume, surface areas, and thickness of the cingulate cortex was performed on photographs of 5 mm serial coronal sections of the left hemispheres using unbiased stereological methods (with point and linear grids). The results were analyzed by t- student test. Results: The volumes of the left cingulate cortex in males and females were 10.923.06 and 10.52.30cm3, respectively. The outer surface area was 43.8710.73 cm2 in males and 43.748.68cm2 in females. The inner surface areas in males and females were 34.8711.56 and 36.558.08cm2, respectively. There was no significant difference between two sexes in the volume and surface areas of the left cingulate cortex. The mean thickness of the left cingulate cortex in males and females were 2.880.5 and 2.510.3mm, respectively. The mean thickness of the left cingulate cortex in females was 12.85% smaller than males (P<0.05). Conclusion: Although the volume and outer and inner surface areas of the left cingulated cortex are similar between two sexes, the cortical thickness of this area in healthy right - handed females is significanlty smaller than males. The functional significance of these sexual differences and similarities in human brain is not clear. However, scientists must be aware of them in their morphometrical studies on human brain.

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Background&Objective: Surgery is an important stressor which makes some harmful physiological reactions shuch as high blood pressure, tachycardia, and repiratory distress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of music on the anxiety and some of physiological responses of patients before abdominal surgery, as assessed by objective parameters and a subjective validated questionnaire. Materials&Methods: This study is a semi-experimental study. Total of 134 subjects was randomly assigned to undergo either 20 minutes of music intervention or a rest period. The level of anxiety was measured using Spilberger questionnaire and physiological responses, arterial blood presure, heart rate and respiratory rate. Subjects in intervention group listened to 20 minutes music by Johann Sebastian Bach. The control group listened to no music. The anxiety level and physiological responses were measured before and after intervention. Results: There was no significant difference between the anxiety level and physiological responses in two groups of subjects before intervention. The findings indicate a significant statistical difference in the level of anxiety and mean of arterial blood pressure in the intervention group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in heart and respiratory rate in two groups of subjects. Conclusion: As indicated by the results of this study, music can provide an effective method of reducing potentailly harmful physiological responses arising from abdominal surgery, therefore it is suggested to use it before surgery.

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Background&Objective: Low back pain (LBP) is common in youth, although `associated with chronic pain in adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of LBP in school children age 11-14. Materials&Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out on school children aged 11-14 in north of Iran. Using random multistage sampling 5000 children were selected. Demographic, mechanical and lifestyle data as well as the prevalence and LBP characteristics were collected by a questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS (version11) software. Results: Of the original sample, 4813 (96.2%) children returned the questionnaire. Point, last month, last 6 months and annual prevalence were 15%, 14.4%, 15.6%, and 17.4%, respectively. LBP was significantly correlated with age (p<0.05), lifting (p<0.05), position and duration of watching TV, doing homework and duration of exercise (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that the prevalence of LBP in school children is relatively high. Further studies evaluating the effect of different preventive strategies to reduce the prevalence of LBP in school children is strongly recommended.

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Background&Objective: Burning and burn wound are the causes of mortality in the world. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of egg yolk (of hen) on burn wound healing in Rats. Materials&Methods: In this experimental sutdy, 48 females rats randomely divided in silver sulphadiazin, egg yolk and control groups, respectively. Each of three groups including 16 rats and was selected for 28 days of treatment. After general anesthesia with ketamin and xylazin (ip) an area of the back of rats was burned with red-hot coin and similar grade II burns were created. Control group received no medication. In the second and third groups, the surface of wound was covered daily with sulphadiazine and egg yolk. At the end of the eack week, four rats from the each group were scarified by ether and samples were taken from the wound region and were histologically assessed. The samples were stanied with Hematoxillin and Eosin and studied quantitively. Results: Results showed that after 4 weeks the healing of burn wounds in the groups receiving egg yolk and sulphadiazine were similar. But healing of burn wounds within these 2 groups was better than control group. There was no difference between the groups receiving either egg yolk or sulphadiazin. Conclusion: This study showed that egg yolk can be used as an alternative to sulphadiazin in second degree burn wounds.

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Background&Objective: The infertility and its psycological problems can be considered as one of the important difficulties among married couple. Nearlly half of the infertility related to the men. This study was set up to determine the most common risk factors of male infertility in men attending infertility clinics in Shiraz. Materials&Methods: A case – control study was conducted in which 268 men. 161 fertile men were compared with 108 infertile men from the point of risk factors such as smoking habits, drug consumption, hernia, varicocele, job and BMI. Results: Logestic regression analysis, Risk estimate (adds Ratio), and t-test demonstrated that hernia, varicocele, ranitidine consumption, Job and BMI all have statistically significant associations with infertility in men. Odds Ratios of 2.5 for hernia, 4 for varicocele, 2.9 for ranitidine consumption, 2.3 for workers (simple, semiskilled and skilled), t=3.5 (P<0.05). With an increase of one cigarette per day there was decrease 1% in motility of sperm .With an increase of one year of cigarette smoking, the number of sperm was decrease about 800000. The BMI in infertility men was <25. Conclusion: This study showed that the most common factor in men infertility in Shiraz are varicocele and hernia and hard works can cause testicular injury.