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Background and Objective: Leishmaniasis is one of the main Zoonotic Vector-Born disease which is transmitted by sand flies to human and animals. This study was carried out to determine the ecological characteristics of sand flies in Golestan province, North of Iran. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 3 villages in Aliabad Katul district in north of Iran were selected according to rural geography distribution and positive detected samples of human infection during 2010-02. Sand flies were collected by sticky traps. Three places were sampled in each village and in indoor and outdoor places 10 traps were installed. Sand flies were collected and their species was determined. Results: Totally 299 sand flies (160 from indoors and 139 from outdoors) were collected and consequently, 7 species of sandflies were identified including 4 species of phlebotomus genus and 3 species of Sergentomiya genus Ph.papatasi (55%) and S.sintoni (51%) were predominant species in indoor resting places and outdoor places, respectively. Sand flies seasonal activity extended from mid May through early October. Sand flies had one peak of activity in early August. Among the detected species, S.hodgsoni reported for first time from Golestan province. Conclusion: Ph.papatasi was recognized as predominant species in Aliabad Katul district, Golestan provincein northern Iran.

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Background and Objective: Health and social services have broad domain like encompassing healthcare, childcare and youth services, maternal services, senior citizen organizations, community centers and public amenities. Livability can be considered as the characteristics of the urban environment, which makes it an attractive place to live. This study was conducted to analysis of the urban livability of Mashhad in north-east of Iran metropolis based on health indicator.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study the maps related to the status of each of objective sub-indicators including Spatial distribution of hospital, clinic, health center, emergency center and toilet based on the limits of Mashhad metropolis's zones (13 zones) were drawn by using the GIS Software. For mental indicator of health including physical health, relaxation, health services and satisfaction of health was used questionnaire. The sample size in all zones of Mashhad was equal 402 persons.
Results: 39% of Mashhad's zones are at health very unfavorable level with respect to the urban livability. The zone 13 of Mashhad metropolis was determined the best zone in terms of health indicator, followed by zones 8 and 11, respectively. In contrast, zones 4, 6 and 3 were determined the worst conditions in terms of health indicator, respectively.
Conclusion: The livability of Mashhad metropolis is not in desirable status base on health indicator. The realization of Livable city in terms of health requires attention to both objective and subjective dimensions and Livability has dynamic, integrated and continuous process.