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One of the effective way to treat and control the neuromuscular organs from injuries of lower limbs in the exercise of backward running. The present research has been set up to determine the effectiveness of this sport and comparing it with forward walking. The aim of this clinical trial is to differentiate between the effectiveness of these two sports on the functional performance tests of lower limbs. To carry out this study 30 normal male has been divided in two groups, in group one forward walking is carried out three 15 minutes session per week for six weeks, and backwards walking has been arranged for group 2 on the same condition. The functional performance tests in this study were vertical jump, single leg hop jump for the distance of 6 meters, in forward and backward running. The findings from this study indicate that there is not meaningful improvement during the six weeks within the 2 different sports. On the basis of these results the 2 procedures of running forward and backward have got the same effect on the increasing the functional performance of lower limbs and both sports can be used active functional rehabilitation.

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Background&Objective: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in Iran and there are different systemic and local treatments for this disease. There is continuous investigation for finding the most efficient and economical method with little side effects for the treatment of cutaneous leishemaniasis. For this purpose we performed a comparative study between intralesional glucantime injection and cryotherapy in the treatment of papular cutaneous leishmaniasis. Materials&Methods: In this clinical trial 47 patients with papular cutaneous leishmaniasis refered to dermatology clinic of Ghaem hospital in Mashhad were assayed. All patients had positive direct smears. They divided randomly in two groups. First group treated by weekly intralesional glucantime injection and second group treated by weekly cryotherapy. The length of therapy for two groups was 5 weeks. Two groups were followed for 1.5 months after the last week of the treatment. Results: Thirty eight patients completed the study, 21 patients with 35 lesions and 17 patients with 36 lesions were treated by interalesional injection of glucantime and cryotherapy respectively. Clinically in interalesional glucantime group 37.1% of lesions and in cryotherapy group 22.2% of lesions completely cured. The difference between two groups was not statistically significant using chi-square test. Conclusion: Cryotherapy in comparison with interalesional glucantime injection is equally effective and also is cheaper with little side effect.

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Background&Objective: Copper and zinc, two essential trace elements, are neuroactive substances that can be synaptically released during neuronal activity. These metals have been implicated in diseases with neuropathological components, including Alzheimer's disease, Menkes disease, Wilson's disease, Pick's disease, stroke and seizures. Copper and zinc levels in body tissues reflect many physiological and pathological conditions, including dietary factors, hepatic disease, and acute and chronic infections. The purpose of the present study was to examine the plasma levels of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in schizophrenic patients and to compare the Cu/Zn ratios with that of matched healthy subjects. Materials&Methods: Forty patients with schizophrenia (diagnosis were made according to DSM-IV) were sampled along with 50 healthy controls. Exclusion criteria included another concurrent psychiatric disorder, pregnancy, and medical disorders (endocrine, immune, liver cirrhosis, renal) or drugs (anticonvulsants, contraceptives, glucocorticoids) known to affect trace element metabolism. Fasting blood samples were withdrawn from an antecubital vein between 07.00 and 09.00 h. Plasma copper and zinc levels were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer GmbH, Uebelingen, Germany). Two-tailed t test was used to determine statistical differences. All data were analyzed with the computer program, GRAPHPAD software (V2.01+). Results: Mean±SE of sera copper levels in cases and controls were 145±28 and 65±3 µg/dl respectively (P<0.05). Also Mean±SE of sera zinc level in cases and controls were 67±2 and 81±4 µg/dl, respectively (P<0.05). Cu/Zn ratios was 2.07±0.38 and 0.87±0.04 in cases and controls respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: There was a significant higher Cu/Zn ratio in schizophrenic patients compared to healthy subjects. These results suggest that Cu and Zn may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

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Background&Objective: The life time prevalence of schizophrenia is estimated about 1%-1.5% in United States and various studies have shown that between 7.8-46.6% of these patients suffer from OCD. The differences in these statistics are partly due to the assessment and treatment methods. The purpose of this study was to measure the frequency of OCD in hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Materials&Methods: The study was cross-sectional. 96 inpatients (56 men and 40 women) with DSM-IV schizophrenia diagnostic criteria were selected from Iran Psychiatry Hospital by simple non-random sampling Results: The age range of the patients were 17-73 with a mean age of 35 ±12.6. The majority of patients (88.5%) suffered from paranoid schizophrenia. 47 patients (49%) were diagnosed to have obsessive-compulsive symptoms on interview. The mean age of schizophrenia onset was 24.7 ±8.8 and the mean age of OCD onset in schizophrenic patients was 20.2 ±6.7. In 8 (17%), the two disorders were began simultaneously and in 20 (20.8%), schizophrenia was started earlier. Conclusion: Obsessive-compulsive symptoms are completely prevalent in schizophrenia. The co morbidity of these two clinical entities has both etiological and therapeutic importance.

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Background and Objective: In clinical situation, pain occurs during intravenous Catheterization (IVC). Finding methods to reduce pain related with insertion of Angiocut. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of types of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) on the pain severity regarding to insertion of Angiocut is very important. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of types of transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS) on the pain severity regarding to insertion of Angiocut. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on the 80 patients of Internal and CCU wards of Fatemieh Hospital in Semnan, Iran during 2001. In this study, severity of pain related with insertion Angiocut assessed and compared in four conditions No TENS, low TENS (5 Hz), high TENS (100 Hz) and burst TENS (with frequence 100 Hz And burst frequence 2 Hz). The severity of pain measured by testes visual analogue scale (VAS), One-way ANOVA, Tukey, and Dunnett tests were used for comparing means of pain severity in different conditions. Results: Findings showed significant difference between severity of pain during Angiocut insertion in four conditions (P<0.05), so that the lower intensity of pain was in the high-TENS group, while higher pain was in the No TENS group. Significant difference was between intensity of pain in the No TENS group with high TENS and burst TENS group (P<0.05), but no significant difference was between low TENS and No TENS groups. Conclusion: This study showed that TENS was a effective method to reduce pain during Angiocut insertion. The lowest severity of pain was obtained in high TENS method. therefore, high TENS method can suggest as a effective method to reduce pain during Angiocut insertion.

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Background and Objective: Nowaday many diabetic patients interested in using medicinal herbs to relieve the symptoms of their disease in spite of the availability of synthetic drugs, one of such herbal medicine is green tea, studies about effects of this plant on blood glucose, weight of diabetes is contradict and suitable dosage is not mentioned, thus this study was done to determine the effect of green tea extract on blood glucose and body weight in male induced diabetic Rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 40 wistar male Rats with body weight of 230±20 purchased and kept standard situation subsequently 8 of them considered as normal group and the reminder became diabetic by 50mg/kg IP by streptozotosin. After 2 weeks animals with blood glucose of 200-500 mg/dl were considered as diabetic and divided in 4 groups with 8 animals in each. Then 3 groups of them daily was feed with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of extract by feeding tube for 6 weeks, diabetic control group and non-diabetic group also was feed with DMSO10% as well. BS and body weight were assessed at 2nd, 4th, 6th week after daily feeding by different doses of green tea extract, and at last results were analyzed by using student t-test and one way ANOVA. Results: The mean of blood glucose of diabetic control group were significantly higher than non-diabetic group and blood glucose of diabetic groups that was feed with 50, 100 and 200mg/kg of extract was significantly lower than diabetic control group. Body weight of 3 treatment groups were not significantly reduced. Conclusion: This study showed that green tea extract has an antidiabetic effect and suitable dosage of this extract was 100mg/kg.

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Background and Objective: The obesity and overweight in the children of many developing countries have dramatically increased. Obesity is associated with numerous health problems. While children spend a significant amount of their time in school daily, the various aspects of children school-life such as academic achievement, social skills and attendance, can be affected by obesity and overweight. This study was done to determine the correlation between obesity and overweight with attention dificit in elementary school girls. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-cross sectional study was carried out on 300 girls student of 7-11 years old, in elementary schools in capital city of east Azarbijan cocated North-West of Iran in 2007. The samples selected based on body mass index and were classified by random sampling in three groups including, normal group, overweight group and obese group. The data, collected by child behavior check list (CBCL). The CBCL have 113 iteams, 9 iteams of them were designed for determination of attention dificit in children. The behaviors were scored on a 3-point ranging scale. SPSS-11.5 software and ANOVA statistical test were used to analyse the data. Results: The results showed that overweight group had greater scores in attention dificit scale than other groups and revealed a significant correlation between obesity-over weight and attention dificit (r=0.177, P<0.05). Conclusion: This study indicated a significant correlation between obesity and attention dificit. Prevention of obesity as a first step for prevention of behavioral problems, seems to be essentieal. The treatment of obesity may be a matter of dealing with behavioral problems in children.

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Child abuse as an ominous and abnormal phenomenon was scold in every community. In attention to severity of non - accidental injuries that inflict by parents or guardian and chance of death is considerable, intervention is necessary for life saving at early stage. A large number of child abuse fatality occur in world wide, that usually does not recognize at routine visits. Therefore the need for a program to recognize and intervent is an inevitable task. This study consider child abuse case with fatal abdominal injury with subsequent death.

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Background and Objective: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease in which free radicals play an important role in its pathogenesis. It is supposed that diet enriched with Omega 3 fatty acid and antioxidant compounds can be effective in the treatment of this disease. Grape seed extract contains potent antioxidant compounds. The aim of the present study was to evaluate possible useful effects of fish oil and grape seed extract enriched diets on the reduction of colonic damage and inflammation in acetic acid induced colitis. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 50 male adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=10). Fish oil group (F group) received 1.6 ml fish oil, grape seed group (G group) received 50 mg/kg grape seed extract and fish oil + grape seed group (FG group) received 1.6 ml fish oil + 50 mg/kg grape seed extract orally for 1 month. Rats in control group (C group) and colitis group (Co group) received distilled water. After 1 month colitis induced in groups with intrarectal administration of 1ml acetic acid (4%) to induce ulcerative colitis. The control group received intrarectal saline. Two days after the induction of colitis the degree of tissue injuries and inflammation were assessed by macroscopical and histopathological scores of colonic mucosa. Results: Acetic acid administration induced ulcers, inflammation and severe crypts damages in mucosal tissue of the colon. The rats with colitis in the FG group showed significantly less macroscopic, microscopic damages and inflammation in colonic tissues compared with those in colitis group. However treatment with grape seed extract and fish oil did not result in any significant improvements in macroscopic and microscopic scores. Conclusion: The result of this study showed that fish oil and grape seed extract enriched diets before colitis induction play a protecting role against damages due to acetic acid induced colitis.

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Background and Objective: Several studies have demonstrated the importance of a coordinated, synchronized action of a scapular and glenohumeral muscles. Minimal alteration in performance and coordination of these muscles have the potential to lead to joint dysfunction. The impingement syndrome is the most common diagnosis of shoulder pain. The purpose of this study was to determine whether strength deficits could be detected in patients with shoulder impingement. Materials and Methods: This case – control study was done on 15 patients with impingement syndrome and 15 healthy matched persons by nonprobability sampling in Tehran, Iran during 2008. Strength of glenohumeral and scapulothoracic muscles was tested with a hand held dynamometer. Independent and paired t-test were used to statistically analyze between and within groups differences. Results: Compared to non impaired subjects, those with impingement syndrome demonstrated a significantly lower strength of shoulder muscles (P<0.05). The strength deficit between involved and noninvolved sides of patients was determined (P<0.05). In impingement syndrome patients, the external-to-internal rotator muscles strength ratio was significantly lower than on the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The result of this study suggest that strength deficit of shoulder muscles may be an important aspect of the impingement syndrome. Muscular strength assessment should be considered in evaluation and effective treatment of a patient. Physical therapy treatment should be emphasize strengthening of weak muscles.

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Background and Objective: Lichen planus presents with chronic, inflammatory mucocutaneous lesions with almost 1-2% prevalency without any relation to demographic variables. This study was done to describe the clinical pathologic features of lichen planus patients in Mashhad, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, demographic data (age and sex) and some factors such as histology, form and anatomical zone of lesions were recruited from patient’s medical records and pathological slides revised. Data analyzed by using SPSS-13 software and chi-square and T student tests. Results: 309 patients (177 male, 132 female) were enrolled. Mean age was 40.12±16.3 years-old and patients were categorized mostly in 41-50 years age group. Clinical presentation in 44% was plaque and 41.7% with papules, 23.9% hyper pigmented, 26.9% scaled, 4.9% annular form and 2.9% linear. 45.6% of patients had classic histo-morphology and 25.9% of them had hypertrophic form. There was not any relationship between lesion histopathology with either sex or age. Anatomical zone had a significant relation with histopathology of lesion (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that the prevalence of genital and mucousal lesions was lower than reported in other studies in various parts of the world.

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Background and Objective: Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) tear is One of the most common injuries at knee joint. Threshold of motion sense included inputs that are received by mechanical receptors at dynamic position. The objection of present study was to find the effect of functional brace on the Kinesthesia motion sense in patients with ACL rupture.

Materials and Methods: In this Quasi- experimental study, 20 patients with ACL tear, with aging range between 18 to 44 years old were recruited. Patients were selected in a simple non probability sampling manner. Using Continuous passive motion for testing the Kinesthesia motion sense, as a dependent variable. Data was analyzed with Paired t-test and Colmogrof-Smirnof tests.

Results: Threshold of motion sense at affected knee before and after bracing was 3.93±1.67, 4.45±1.86 in open eyes and 3.82±1.61, 4.13±1.96 in closed eyes (P<0.05).

Conclusion: This study showed that the functional brace did not play in important role in the improvement of threshold of motion sense in patients with ACL tear.

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Background and Objective: Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is a new cardiovascular risk factor and its concentration increase cardiovascular diseases, while physical activity decrease cardiovascular diseases. This study intend to investigate the effect of eight week walking program on lipoprotein (a) concentration in non-athlete iranian menopausal  women.

Materials and Methods: Twenty two healthy menopause women of 47-55 year of age any specific disorder were enrolled in this study. The subjects randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Anthropometric characteristics including height ,weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat percent and Waist-to-Hip ratio (WHR) and serum lipoprotein on fasting were measured pre and post-walking program. The data were compared using independent t-test, U mann witny and pearson correlation caefficeint was used for assessement of relation between lipoprotein (a) with anthropometric indexes.

Results: According to these results, there was a significant reduction of serum lipoprotein (a) (pre test12.5±4/1 post test 10.5±3md), WHR, BMI and body fat percent prior and after the training in experimental group (P<0.05) while non significant changes was observed in control group. Also, there was non significant relationship between lipoprotein (a) with Anthropometric indexes.

Conclusion: This study revealed that 8-week walking program had useful effects on menopausal women’ serum lipoprotein (a) concentration, WHR, BMI and body fat percent.

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Background and Objective: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is one of the most common injuries at knee joint. This study was done to evalute the effect of reconstruction surgery on hamstring reflex in patients with ACL tear. Materials and Methods: In this Quasi- experimental study, 30 patients (16 males, 14 females) with ACL tear, with mean age of 26.52±8.72 years old were recruited during 2007. Patients were selected in a non probability sampling manner. The Kinsiological Electromyography and trauma mechanism were used for testing the hamstring reflex. Muscle activity were measured as a dependent variable. Data were analyzed with Paired T-Test, ICC, SEM and K-S tests. Results: Hamstring reflex in affected knee and after reconstruction surgery was 73.25±3.22 and 47.35±3.85, respectively. This difference was significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Reconstruction surgery in patients with ACL tear at acute phase is effective in improvement of hamstring reflex.

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Background and Objective: The incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs) is varied according to race, geographical situation and other predisposing factors. This study was carried out to determine the incidence rate of NTDs and its risk factors in Yasuj, Iran. Materials and Methods: This case - control study was done on live newborns in Imam Sajad hospital, Yasuj, Iran during 2000-10. 78 neonates with NTDs out of 36755 live newborns were considered as cases. The control group was also consisting of the same number of healthy neonates who born at the same period and in the same hospital. Data were collected by a check-list and analyzed using SPSS-19, Chi-Square, Logistic regression and odd’s ratio. Results: The incidence rate of NTDs was 2.12 per 1000 live births. Anencephaly and Spina Bifida was detected in 59 (75.6%) and 19 (24.3%) of affected newborns, respectively. The ratio of females to males was 1.5 times. 53.85% of mothers with affected newborns were grouped in 27-36 years age range. The mean number of pregnancies and abortion between two groups of mothers had no statistical significant differences. There is no significant relation between the mothers occupation and the incidence of NTDs. 10 (12.8%) of mothers from case group and 7 (8.97%) of mothers from control group have used tobacco. 52 (66.7%) of mothers of case group and 30 (38.5%) of controls did not consumed folic acid. The relation between non-user folic acid during pregnancy with NTDs was significant (95% CI: 1.4-6.15, OR=2.93, P<0.001). Conclusion: This study showed relatively high incidence of NTDs in Yasuj. Non-consuming folic acid increased the risk of NTD by 2.93 times.

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Helminthic infections were reported from tropical and subtropical locations in the world. The parasitic helminths develop and migrate to different organs. Unusual cases may afflict the gallbladder and the biliary tract. The parasites invade the bile ducts and cause inflammation, fibrotic lesions, acute and chronic cholecystitis. In this article, we reported three unusual cases of parasitic infection in Kermanshah, Iran. The worms were isolated from gallbladder and biliary tract. The specimens were diagnosed by macroscopic features and staining methods. Ascaris lumbricoides, Taenia saginata and adult type fasciola hepatica isolated from gall bladder and biliary duct. Cholecystectomy was done on all patients suffering from gall bladder inflammation and obstruction.

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Background and Objective: The generated genetic diversity in the microbial pathogens and drug resistant led to a growing interest to use herbal medicine. This study was carried out to determine the in vitro anti-bacterial activity of chloroform, ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic extracts of Scilla persica Hausskn. Methods: In this laboratory study, chloroform, ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic extracts were obtained from bulb of Scilla persica. The anti-microbial activity, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts were evaluated on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli using the disk diffusion (growth inhibition zone) and macro-dilution methods. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a negative control while nalidixic acid and ampicillin were used as positive control. Results: The maximum inhibition zone for ethyl acetate extract was 26.3±0.1 milimetre, 23.7±0.3 milimetre and 19.5±0.4 milimetre for Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus, respectively. The maximum inhibition zone of chloroform extract was found to be 16.4±0.2 milimetre and 14.9±0.3 milimetre for Staphylococcus and Bacillus, respectively. Conclusion: Antimicrobial activity of the chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of bulb of Scilla persica on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus are more effective compared to nalidixic acid and it is similar to ampicillin in in-vitro condition.

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Background and Objective: Repair of peripheral nerve is one of main challenge in surgery and despite improvement in this field less than 50% of cases have functional improvment. This study was done to evaluate the comparison of epineural and peripheral methods in ulnar nerve repair. Method: In this clinical trial study, 28 patients with ulnar nerve injury in distal of forearm were randomly divided equly into epineural and peripheral surgery methods. After 4 months of surgery, the subjects were examined using with EMG, nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and sensorimotor examination on the first dorsal interosos muscle (FDIM) and abductor digiti minim muscle (ADM). Results: The mean of domain nerve activity, latency nerve activity and NCV in affected upper limb and non affected side had significant differences in epineural and peripheral methods (P<0.05). Latency nerve activity and NCV were similar in both methods. The mean of motor unit potential (MUP) was determined in 71% and 64% of patiants in epineural and peripheral methods, respectively. Muscle activity of FDIM was observed in 64% and 57% of patients in epineural and peripheral methods, respectively. Light touch was determined in 35.7% and 28.5% of patients in epineural and peripheral methods, respectively. Pain was reported in 78.5% and 57% of patients in epineural and peripheral methods, respectively. Conclusion: There was no difference between nerve repair by epineurium and prineurium methods using EMG, NCV and motorosensorial examination.

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Background and Objective: Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurologic disorder that results following degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of substintia nigra (SNc). The 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropiridine (MPTP) is a chemical neurotoxin that widely used in animal models of PD. This study was carried out to evaluate the numerical density of dark neurons (DNs) in the SNc in mice subjected to intraperitoneal and intranasal injection of different doses of MPTP. Methods: In this experimental study, 90 male adult BALB/c mice were randomly allocated into four experimental groups including: group 1 (MPTP was injected via i.p. at the dose of 20mg/kg per 2 hours for 4 times), group 2 (MPTP was injected via i.p. at the dose of 30mg/kg for 5 consecutive days), group 3 (MPTP was injected via i.n. at a single dose of 1mg/kg), group 4 (MPTP was injected via i.n. at a single dose of 1mg/kg), four sham and one normal groups. 20 days after the final injection, the animal's brain were removed and stained by toluidine blue. Numerical density of DNs was counted. Results: Intranasal injection of MPTP significantly increased density of dark neurons in the pars compacta of substintia nigra in compare to intraperitoneally injection of MPTP (P<0.05). Conclusion: Intranasal injection of MPTP is more effective manner to induce degeneration of neurons in substintia nigra in animal model of Parkinson's disease.

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Background and Objective: Different organizers are involved in spinal cord development and differentiation by sending various messages. Specific glycoconjugates secreted from the cells of lateral wall of spinal cord can also act as neurogenesis and neural differentiation messengers. This study was carried out to determine the distribution of sugar compounds in the lateral walls of spinal cord during mice morphogenesis using lectin histochemistry method. Methods: In this experimental study, sections of BALB/c mice from 10-16 embryonic days were fixed in formalin and then histological sections were prepared. Tissue samples for reaction to the glycoconjugates were incubated with DBA, OFA, GSA1B4 and MPA lectins. Alcian blue with pH equal 2.5 was used for background staining. Results: DBA lectin did not react with the lateral wall of the spinal cord. MPA lectin showed severe reaction but consistent, especially in nerve fibers of the lateral wall of spinal cord. GSA1B4 lectin showed weak reaction in the cells and nerve fibers of the spinal cord, but severe reaction was clearly observed in blood vessels. OFA lectin showed severe reaction with α-L-Fucose terminal sugar in the lateral walls of the spinal cord in early stages of morphogenesis. Conclusion: The most reaction in the lateral walls of the spinal cord was related to OFA, which reflects the importance of fucose terminal sugar by connecting (1→6) to the penultimate sugar N-acetyl-D-glocosamin (Glc-Nac) in the development of spinal cord. Due to severe reaction of GSA1B4 to blood vessels of spinal cord, use of this lectin for vascular studies, is recommended.