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Background and Objective: The presence of many synthetic dyes in aqueous solutions can cause carcinogenesis and mutagenicity and affect human health. Reactive Red 198 is one of the types of azo dyes with complex structure, toxic, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity properties, and tolerable in the environment, which is discharged to the environment through the sewage of textile industries. This study was performed to determine the mineralization of 198 reactive red dyes by the hybrid advanced oxidation process UV/US/H₂O₂/O₃ from colored wastewater using central composite design.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study several factors affecting on dye mineralization process including the presence of ozone gas and ultraviolet rays (UV) as well as the initial dye concentration, Ultrasound (US), contact time, pH, and hydrogen peroxide were investigated. Experimental design and optimization were performed by design of experiment software using central composite design and its optimal conditions were determined.
Results: The maximum dye degradation efficiency of 100% was performed under optimal conditions including initial dye concentration of 200 mg/L, reaction time of 34 minutes, hydrogen peroxide concentration of 27 mg/L and pH=9 in the presence of ozone gas flow, ultraviolet rays and ultrasonic waves. Also, the influence of factors on dye removal including ozone, UV, initial dye concentration, US, contact time, pH, and peroxide were  58.8%, 19.3%, 2.3%, 1.5%, 1.1%, 0.6 %and 0.2 % ,respectively.
Conclusion: UV/US/H₂O₂/O₃ hybrid process with advantages such as performance and high speed can be recommended for wastewater treatment in various industries.

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Background and Objective: Leptin is associated with metabolic disorders and promotes the development of liver steatosis to steatohepatitis. It selectively increases the secretion of Tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-a) in response to saturated fatty acid. The general purpose of this research was to determine the effects of eight weeks of continuous training and silymarin supplementation on the serum levels of TNF-α and leptin in Wistar rats with fatty liver disease.
Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats aged three weeks and weighting 159±3 grams were randomly divided into five groups: normal diet/saline, high-fat diet/saline (control), high-fat diet/supplemented, high-fat diet/exercise/saline, and high-fat diet/exercise/supplement. The rats were fed 10 grams per 100 grams of body weight (standard diet 13% fat and high-fat diet 41% fat) for eight weeks, and silymarin (140 mg per kilogram body weight) were given by gavage for 2 weeks. The continuous aerobic exercise protocol consisted 30 minutes of treadmill running at 70-75% of VO₂max for eight weeks, five days a week. After sacrificing the animals, samples were taken and sent to the laboratory for histological analysis. The expression of leptin and TNF-α in the liver was measured using commercial ELISA kits.
Results: The findings showed a greater decrease in hepatic leptin concentration in the high-fat diet + continuous exercise + supplement group (P<0.05) compared to the high-fat diet + continuous exercise + saline group (P<0.05). Tukey's post hoc test showed a greater decrease in the concentration of hepatic TNF-α in the high-fat diet + saline group (compared to the high-fat diet + supplement group) (P<0.05), and the high-fat + exercise + saline group (P<0.05). The weight of the rats in the normal diet + saline group differed significantly from other groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results indicated that the combination of continuous training with silymarin supplementation can help reduce leptin and TNF-α in rats with a high-fat diet, an effect not observed by silymarin supplementation alone. Therefore, the combination of continuous aerobic exercises and silymarin supplementation can further oxidize fat and reduce inflammation in the body.
 

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Background and Objective: Diabetes leads to impaired blood supply to the peripheral nerves. Sema3A (Semaphorin 3A) is a denervated protein that increases in response to hyperglycemia caused by diabetes. Exercise and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) supplements can protect against diabetes-induced denervation. This study was done to evaluate the effect of high and moderate-intensity interval training with alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on the expression of Sema3A protein in the soleus muscle of Induced diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, thirty-five male Wistar rats (weight range: 190-220 g, 6-8 weeks old) were randomly allocated into seven groups of five: healthy control, diabetic, diabetic supplement (S), diabetic high-intensity training (HIT), diabetic moderate-intensity training (MIT), diabetic high intensity+supplement (HIT+S), and diabetic moderate intensity training+supplement (MIT+S). Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg/bw). The HIT and MIT protocols were performed five days a week for six weeks. ALA was administered orally at 20 mg/kg daily by gavage. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of Sema3A protein in the soleus muscle. Serum insulin was measured by the ELISA method.
Results: Diabetes leads to increased level of glucose, Sema3A, and a significant decrease in insulin in the soleus muscle compared to healthy (P<0.05). HIT and MIT in combination with ALA, significantly showed lower expression of Sema3A Protein than in the diabetic group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Although HIT and MIT can reduce the expression of Sema3A protein in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats, combining alpha-lipoic acid supplementation with exercise training is more effective in reducing the amount of denervation.