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Gastro-enteritis due to Vibrio Cholera was increased suddenly in summer of 1998 in our country. In this research we studied epidemiological and clinical features of Cholerae patients. Vibrio Cholera isolated from 189 (3.3%) patients from 56II stool samples. 182 (96.2%) Vibrio Cholera O1 isolated. 46 (24%) patients with positive stool cultures for Vibrio Cholera were hospitalized. 50% patients were 15-45 yrs. No sex predominency was seen. The important observations in this study including: Fever in 28.1% (13) of patients, sever leukocytosis in 15% (7) of patients, RBC in stool in 33% (15) of patients. Fever and neutrophilia and RBC in stool probably shows co-infection with order intestinal pathogens or different serotypes of Vibrio Cholera with new characteristics. So we are recommending extensive research to be done on serotyping of all of the isolates of Vibrio cholera and other intestinal pathogens simultaneously.

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Background and objective: Nosocomial infections are the important problems in health care centers in the world. Incidence rate in different countries is very variable and has been reported about 5% to 15%. This research was done for ascertainment of level of knowledge, attitude and practice of employed nurses to nosocomial infection in teaching hospitals of Golestan University of Medical Sciences. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive and analytical study, total number of employed nurses (518), 189 male and 328 female. The research carried out using a questionnaire. The data was used to analyze the data SPSS software. Results: Results of research showed that 26.5% of nurses had very low knowledge, 63.9% medium knowledge and 9.6% good knowledge. About attitude 52.4% had negative attitude, 36.4% medium and 11.2% positive attitude. About practice 37.1% had poor practice, 49% medium and 15.9% good practice. In this research between attitude and knowledge, knowledge and practice there was not any meaningful correlation but difference between attitude and practice was statistically significant. Conclusions: The nurses are playing important role in prevention and control of nosocomial infection. So, it is necessary for nurses to have enough knowledge about how to control the infection and to have positive attitude, if they want to do their job property.

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Background & Objective: Approximately one-third of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (TB), which is a indicator of high distribution of these bacteria in our environment. The only vaccine currently available against TB is the attenuated Mycobacterium Bovis strain bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), which used regularly for many years to prevent the Tuberculosis in Iran and many part of the world. The efficiency of this vaccine varies in different populations, and is a matter for discussion. On this basis, the present study has been set up to determine the level of Tuberculin reaction in 4.5 months and in 7 years old children that receive BCG vaccine at birth time, in Golestan province. Materials & Methods: 2700, 4.5 month infant and 2400, 7 years old children in Golestan province were chosen by cluster sampling after the proper permission from the parents, public health centers and educational authorities were taken. The presence of the BCG scar were assessed, and 0.1 ml of 5 tu Tuberculin were injected subcutaneously. The induration was measured 48-72 h after Tuberculin injection. The results were determined as present and compare with T-test. Results: In these study 2559 infants and 2193 child were taken part in the final evaluation. The BCG scar were present in 97.9% of infants and 87.8% of 7 years children, this difference was meaningful. The average induration in 4.5 months babies were 2.29 mm, and in 7 years child was 0.66 mm, this difference was significant (P<0.05). More than 44.7% of babies and 82% of 7 years children didn’t show any reaction after PPD test, this difference was also significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The level of positive Tuberculin reaction in infants of this province in spite of vaccination was very low, and this level was reduced after 7 years time, this indicate that BCG vaccination at birth did not have any major role in positive Tuberculin reaction. Our results also indicate that the presence of scar can be a good indicator for previous vaccination. In regard to the negative Tuberculin reaction in majority of babies, it is suggested to evaluate the efficacy of BCG vaccine in preventing the TB disease itself, by other method such as studying the TB incidence among children in long term or by determination of cytokines level after Tuberculin injection.

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A 13 years old female caucasition admitted in 5 Azar General Hospital with a 3-day history of deteriorating vision. 2 weeks prior to admission she had received a Measles-Rubella vaccination at school (As a mass compain of MR vaccination in Iran). General & neurological examination except lung wheezing & ocular findings were normal. In visual exam she had questionable light perception in right eye & hand motion sensation in left eye. Funduscopy revealed moderate bilateral optic disc hyperemia. Investigations revealed normal full cell blood count, biochemistry profile, clotting studies & sputum. Brain CT scan & MRI were normal except pansinusitis. CSF examination revealed normal constituents. The patient treated with Methyl Prednisolone (1 gr/daily) for 7 days and patient had dramatic response to therapy. After 6 weeks of starting medical treatment ophthalmologic exam revealed 2 meters finger count vision in right eye & 6/10 visual aquity in Left side. This patient is a rare case of bilateral optic neuritis after MR vaccination.