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Background and Objective: Home surplus drugs are an important problem in the developing countries especially in Iran. Iran is one of the most important consumers of drugs in the world. Materials and Methods: The study was descriptive and limited one and included 257 families of Yasuj (25 clusters) that are selected by random sampling. The method of survey is done by questionnaires and intends to evaluate home surplus drugs on basis of value, dosage forms, which is wasted from the therapeutic categorie and expiry date of drugs. Results: The findings that 83% of families had home surplus drugs on basis of dosage forms tablets, capsules, syrup and ampoules (Vials) are ranked. On basis of the therapeutic categories, gastrointestinals, analgesics, antibiotics, CNS and antihistamines are ranked. 80.50% of families are covered by one of the current insurance organizations and 19.5% are not. Conclusion: The average value of drugs for every one family was 8869 girls and from macroeconomic point of view, it will be a huge amount of money budget of country.

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Background and Objective: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder of the brain,which occures in first few years of life, and characterized by symptoms such as qualititative impairments in verbal and non verbal communication, reciprocal social interactions, inability to communicate with others, stereotyped patterns of behavior, loss of eye contact and inappropriate facial expressions. Its prevalence is 2-5 in 10000 children and is greater in boys. Due to retarded language development, differential diagnosis other than those used with communication, behavioral and sensorial deficits should be made with Sensorineural or conductive hearing loss. The aim of this study was to determine whether children with autism have abnormalities affecting the cochlear nerve or auditory pathway in brainstem.

Materials and Methods: In this case – control study, auditory brainstem responses were recorded from 12 autistic children and 12 normal children aged 3-12 years in rehabilitation Zafar central in Tehran – Iran during 2005. Absolute latency values of waves I, III and V and interpeak latencies of I-III, III-V and I-V were compared with the results of 12 normal children as control group.

Results: Wave V could be traced down to 25 dB nHL in both normal and autistic groups. Absolute latency of Wave V and Interpeak latencies of III-V and I-V were significantly prolonged in Autistic children in comparison with control group.

Conclusion: This study showed a slowing in nerve conduction in auditory pathway in brainstem of autism patients. The brainstem lesion may be a part of neurological damage in autistic children that accounts for deviant language, cognition and social development. Prolongation of wave V, III-V and I-V IPLs can be a marker for early diagnosis of autism.

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Background and Objective: Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Although its incidence is decreasing, it rarely is detected early, and the prognosis remains poor. The aim of this study was to evaluate prognostic factors in gastric cancer using log-normal regression model.

Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was done on 746 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma from February 2003 through January 2007. Gender, age at diagnosis, family history of cancer, tumor size and pathologic distant of metastasis were entered to a log-normal model. Relative risk (RR) was employed to interpret the risk of death.

Results: Results indicated that patients who were upper than 45 years at diagnosis had an increased risk for death (RR=1.01 95% CI, 1.01-1.03), followed by greater tumor size (RR=1.64, 95% CI, 1.07-2.25) and pathologic distant metastasis (RR=2.14, 95% CI, 1.60-2.86) and similar results in multivariate analysis for greater tumor size (RR=2.04, 95% CI, 1.23-3.33) and pathologic distant metastasis (RR=2.01, 95% CI, 1.13-3.56).

Conclusion: This study showed that the early detection of patients in younger and in primary stages and grade of tumor is important to decrease the risk of death in patients with gastric cancer and increase the survival rate.

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Background and Objective: Proprioceptive, vestibular and visual senses control human movements. This study was carried out to compare the posture of head and shoulder in blind, deaf and ordinary pupiles. Materials and Methods: This descriptive and analytic study was done on 16 blind, 30 deaf and 60 ordinary pupiles in Ardabil city, Noth-west of Iran. Sagital and frontal planes Photos for each child was used for determination of head and shoulder deviation. Results: Forward head in blind group significantly was lower than deaf and ordinary pupiles (P<0.05). Rounded shoulder in blind and deaf pupiles significantly was lower than ordinary pupiles (P<0.05). Uneven shoulders in deaf pupiles significantly was lower than ordinary and blind children (P<0.05). Lateral flexion of the head in blind and deaf pupiles significantly was higher than ordinary children (P<0.05). Conclusion: There is a relationship between sensory impairment and postural problems paticularly in blindness Pupils.

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Background and Objective: Due to the increase of incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Iran, This study was conducted to determine the epidemiological pattern of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the Mazandaran province, northern Iran. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was carried out on medical record of 3313 tuberculosis patients in Mazandaran province, northern Iran during 2001-11. Age, gender, affected year, area and affected organ were gathered for each patient. Results: 843 (25.4%) of subjects were diagnosed with extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis increased by 4% for every unit increase in incidence year (P<0.05). The mean age of patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis was significantly less than patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (42.8±20.6 years vs. 48.7±21.2, P<0.05). Extrapulmonary tuberculosis was significantly higher in women (P<0.05). The chance of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in women was 1.7 times of men. Lymph node (33%) was the most common affected organ followed by pleura (18.9%) and bone (17.7%). Conclusion: The trend of incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis was ascending during 2001 to 2011. The most affected organ in extra pulmonary tuberculosis was lymph nodes.

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Background and Objective: Iron oxide nanoparticles, including nanoparticles is important in industry and medicine. Nanoparticles affect on detoxification of environmental pollutants such as Pesticides and chlorinated organic solvents.This study was done to evaluate the short term effect of Fe2NiO4 composite nanoparticle on kidney function indeces in wistar rats.

Methods: In this experimental study, Twenty four Wistar rat were randomly allocated into three groups, including: control, treated groups 1 and 2. Animales in control, treated groups 1 and 2 were received 0.5cc of saline, 0.5cc of solution containing 100, 200 ppm Fe2NiO4 for 7 days, respectively. Uric acid, ceratinine and urea (BUN) were measured at day 2, 7 and 14.

Results: BUN level in treated groups 1 and 2 significantly reduced in comparison with control group at day 7, 14 after intervention (P<0.05). Uric acid level in treated groups 1 and 2 significantly increased at day 7 and 14. 2 week after intervention, the mean creatinine levels in treated group 2 group significantly reduced in compare  to the in treated group 1 and controls (P<0.05).

Conclusion: It seems that the application of Fe2NiO4 nanoparticles in biological system has no toxic effect on the kidney function indeces.

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Background and Objective: Finding the pain relieving substances is one of the important aims of biological researches. This study was done to evaluate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory effects of Hyssopus officinalis extract in mice.
Methods: In this experimental study, 100 male adult mice were allocated into 5 experimental groups including control group receiving only normal saline and groups that received extract of Hyssopus officinalis at doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg/bw, and positive control group in formalin test received morphine in acute and chronic phase of experiment and positive control group in anti-inflammatory test received dexamethasone. Formalin-induced paw licking was used to determine the anti-nociceptive activity of Hyssopus officinalis extract. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by Xylene test.
Results: In the acute phase of pain (the first 5 minutes), doses of 50 and 75 mg/kg/bw (7.75±2.3, 8.75±2.1) of the Hyssopus officinalis extract significantly reduced the number of feet raised (P<0.05). Also, in the chronic phase of pain (20 min second), 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg/bw of doses (17.25±2.3, 11.75±2.9, 2.7±10.75) and morphine significantly reduced the duration of foot lift (P<0.05). The extract of Hyssopus officinalis with three doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg/bw (13.33±3.1, 20±3.1, 19.83±2.8) showed high anti-inflammatory activity against Xylene induced ear edema (P<0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that Hyssopus officinalis extract can inhibit pain and inflammation in animal model.

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Background and Objective: Listeria monocytogenes is an important food-borne intracellular pathogen which can transmit to human through contaminated foods and causing meningitis, meningoencephalitis and abortion. This study was done to determine the frequency, antimicrobial susceptibility and serotyping of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from food samples in Tehran, Iran.
Methods: This descriptive was carried on 150 food samples including vegetables, cheese and meat were collected from supermarkets, open-air markets, and delicatessens in different regions of Tehran, Iran since April to September 2018. The presumptive isolates were characterized biochemically. All L. monocytogenes isolates were further analyzed by serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility tests.
Results: Out of 150 samples, Listeria spp. was detected in 30 (20%) samples in which 9 (6%) were positive for L. monocytogenes [vegetables (n=4, 44.44%), cheese (n=2, 22.22%) and meat (n=3, 33.33%)]. of the 9 L. monocytogenes isolates, 5 (55.55 %), 3 (33.33 %), and 1 (11.11%) belonged to serotypes 4b, 1/2b, and 1/2a, respectively. The most L. monocytogenes isolates were resistant to Trimetoprime, Sulfamethoxazole, Tetracycline, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, and Ciprofloxacin while were sensitive to Penicillin G, Gentamicin, Streptomycin, and Ampicillin, and were intermediately resistant to Ciprofloxacin.
Conclusion: The rate of Contamination of vegetable, cheese and meat samples with L. monocytogenes is important in Tehran, Iran. Due to the potential contamination samples to Listeria, there is necessity need for continuous monitoring and the development of a precise program for identifying this bacterium in Tehran and the whole country.

 

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Background and Objective: Bisphenol A (BPA) is the monometer of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. This study was done to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercises on oxidative stress indices in heart tissue of male Wistar rats after poisoning with Bisphenol A.
Methods: In this experimental study, 20 adult male Wistar rats were allocated into four groups including control, aerobic exercise, BPA and BPA + aerobic exercise. Animals in control and aerobic exercise groups were receieved olive oil and the BPA (100 μg/kg) intraperitoneally, respectively. Animals in BPA + aerobic training group were treated with BPA (100 μg/kg) intraperitoneally for 30 days. Exercise program consisted of 25-64 minutes of running with 57-75% oxygen consumption, 5 sessions per week for two months. Indicators of oxidative stress in heart tissue including Gpx, SOD, TAC, MDA, CAT and AOPP were evaluated.
Results: BPA intoxication induced a significant increase in the activity of SOD , GPX enzymes, AOPP and MDA levels and  reduction  in CAT enzyme activity and TAC level in compared to control group (P<0.05). While aerobic exercise could diminish the oxidative stress due to BPA intoxication. Aerobic exercise reduced the activity of the GPX, SOD and increased catalase activity in rats with BPA intoxication (P<0.05). Also, level of MDA and AOPP significantly reduced in in aerobic exercise group in comparison with with BPA intoxication (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Aerobic exercise activity has moderating effects on BPA intoxication in cardiac oxidative stress. Aerobic exercise can increase the amount of antioxidant enzymes that play an important role in modulating oxidative stress induced by BPA.

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Background and Objective: Gilbert's syndrome is a relatively common genetic disorder, which is caused by defection in uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase enzyme. The indirect bilirubin increases in this syndrome, although the function of the liver is normal. Gilbert's syndrome can be seen in 3 to 10% of different populations. According to the differences in ethnic groups in Golestan Province, no studies have been conducted on the prevalence of the syndrome in the province, so far.This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of suspected Gilbertʼs syndrome in Golestan province in north of Iran.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 1664 subjects with 18-45 years old referring to rural and urban health centers in Golestan province, North of Iran during 2014. Liver function tests were normal in subjects. Fasting blood samples were taken from each subject and total bilirubin was tested. People with a total bilirubin of more than 1.5 mg/dl were treated with a single oral dose of rifampin 600 mg. After taking rifampicin, the individuals with an indirect bilirubin level of more than 1.3 mg/dl were found suspected of Gilbert’s syndrome.
Results: The prevalence of suspected Gilbert's syndrome was 5.8%. Moreover, suspected Gilbert’s syndrome was more common in males than females (10% in males and 4.3% in females) (P<0.05). According to ethnicity, the prevalence of suspected Gilbert's syndrome was 5.4%, 5.4%, and 6.8% in Sistani, Fars and Turkmen subjects, respectively. This difference was not significant. The prevalence of suspected Gilbert's syndrome in three ethnicities was higher in males than females and it was statistically significant in Sistani and Fars ethnicities (P<0.05) but not significant in Turkmen ethnicity.
Conclusion: Suspected cases of Gilbert's syndrome were more common in men than women, and more prevalent in the Turkmen ethnic group.

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Background and Objective: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that is a major cause of mortality in immunocompromised patients. One of the most important mechanisms of resistance of this bacterium is biofilm formation. The aim of this study was done to determine the Effect of Morin on Expression of Biofilm Gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from burn wounds by Real time PCR.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study 60 sample were collected from burn wounds of patients admitted to the hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Samples were identified by using biochemical methods. The DNA of the isolates was extracted and then antimicrobial activity of morin analyzed by microbroth dilution assay. The presence of biofilm production genes was investigated by PCR. Finally, the expression of lasI gene in combination with Sub-MIC concentration of morin in biofilm-producing bacteria was evaluated using Real time PCR.
Results: From 60 samples that analyzed by Multiplex-PCR, 12 (20%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were isolated in which 12 isolates (100%) were carried lasI and lasR, genes, respectively. 3 isolates (25%) were carried rhlI gene. Sub-MIC concentration of morin in biofilm-producing bacteria reduced lasI gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Conclusion: Morin has significant efficacy on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and could be a good alternative for treatment of antibiotic resistant isolates.

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Background and Objective: Having a proper diet is very important. Many risk factors are involved in the development of cardiovascular disease that by changing them, the incidence of this disease can be reduced. This study was performed to determine the relationship between nutritional knowledge and level of physical activity with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and some cardiovascular risk factors in militaries men.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 97 athletes and non-athletes militaries men. The standard Parmenter and Wardle Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire of 1999 and Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire were completed. Subjects' fitness scores and physical indicators were measured. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome, based on revised ATP ш and IDF was calculated.
Results: The mean nutritional knowledge of the subjects was moderate to low. There was a significant correlation between the nutritional knowledge, level of physical activity and fitness score and cardiovascular risk factors (P<0.05). Also there was a significant correlation between the nutritional knowledge, level of physical activity and fitness score with preventing metabolic syndrome (P<0.05).
Conclusion: With increasing nutritional knowledge, physical activity and fitness scores the risk of cardiovascular factors reduces and the possibility of metabolic syndrome prevention increase.
 

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Background and Objective: Chronic myeloid leukemia is one of the most well-known types of leukemia. Inflammation is one of the leading causes of cancer; therefore, anti-inflammatory agents are used for reducing and suppressing the growth of cancer cells. Dexamethasone, a cortisol agonist, has anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and apoptotic effects. Diclofenac is a cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitor with anti-inflammatory properties. This study was performed to determine the synergistic effect of diclofenac and dexamethasone on the growth of K562 cancer cells.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, K562 cell line was cultured in RPMI-1640 medium enriched with glutamine, penicillin, and streptomycin. The cytotoxic effects of dexamethasone, diclofenac and their combination (multi-target tracking) were evaluated using MTT assay. Hoechst staining and DNA electrophoresis were carried out to evaluate the occurrence of apoptosis.
Results: Diclofenac, dexamethasone and their combination had cytotoxic effects on the cells at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, and 80 µmol/ml. A significant cytotoxic effect was observed after 72 hours of treatment with different concentrations of the drugs (P<0.05). Hoechst staining showed that DNA fragmentation was increased in the treated cells. DNA electrophoresis also showed induction of apoptosis by diclofenac, dexamethasone, and their combination.
Conclusion: The combination of diclofenac and dexamethasone at concentration of 20 µmol/ml is more effective in inducing apoptosis in K562 cells compared with each drug alone.

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Background and Objective: Oxidative stress can harm cells, proteins, and DNA and play a role in the aging process. The present study was conducted to determine the impacts of six weeks of Pilates exercises and Lycium barbarum supplement on oxidative stress indices of saliva and body composition of inactive elderly females.
Methods: This field trial was carried out on 49 inactive elderly females. The subjects were selected in a purposeful manner and were randomly assigned to 4 groups, including control, supplement, exercise, and exercise plus supplement. The exercise program protocol was implemented for six weeks, three 45-60 minute sessions per week with an intensity of 50-70% maximum heart rate. The Lycium barbarum supplement group used 14 g of supplement daily. Oxidative stress indices of saliva and body composition were compared. The individuals’ physical activity level was determined using the Kaiser Physical Activity Survey (KPAS) and the samples’ health status was specified using the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q).
Results: The amount of malondialdehyde had a statistically significant reduction in the exercise plus supplement group compared to the control group, the exercise group, and the supplement group (P<0.05). The amount of malondialdehyde was not statistically significant in the exercise group and the supplement group compared to the control group. The amount of salivary catalase was not statistically significant in the exercise group plus supplement group compared to the control group, the exercise group, and the supplement group. The amount of salivary catalase had a statistically significant increase in the exercise group compared to the control group and the supplement group (P<0.05). The amount of glutathione peroxidase had no statistically significant difference in the exercise plus supplement group compared to the control group but had a statistically significant increase compared to the supplement group (P<0.05). The amount of glutathione peroxidase had a statistically significant increase in the exercise group than in the supplement group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Regular exercise with moderate intensity and Lycium barbarum supplement resulted in improved antioxidant function and body composition in inactive elderly females.