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Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus is the most frequent cause of chronic renal failure. Microalbuminuria is the first clinically important sign of renal impairment in diabetes mellitus. The main pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy is not understood. This study was done on 100 patients with type 2 diabetes for determination of the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy with urine albumin assay in Sina Hospital in Tabriz, North-West of Iran. Materials and Methods: In this discriptive study, 100 patients with type 2 diabetes whome consecutively referred to Endocrine and Diabetes Clinic of Sina Medical Center in Tabriz were enrolled. At the first visit clinical and biochemical parameters such as systolic and diastolic blood pressure, age, sex, body weight, length, body mass index, FBS, HbA1C, plasma creatinine, urine microalbumin and urinary creatinine were measured. FBS, HbA1C, plasma creatinine, urine microalbumin and urinary creatinine measurements repeated every 2 months up to three times during the study. Patients with confounding factors such as uncontrolled hypertension, urinary tract infection, congestive heart failure and hyperlipidemia were excluded. Results: The prevalence of diabetic nephropathy was 36% in our patients. There were not statistically significant differences in age and sex and diastolic – systolic blood pressure and creatinine between nephropathy and, non-nephropathy groups. There was significant differences in body mass index between two sex groups, females were more obese than males. Mean duration of diabetes in diabetic nephropathy group and in diabetic patients without nephropathy were 12.4±8.1 and 9.1±5.5 respectively (P<0.05). Comparison of HbA1c, FBS and drugs used for diabetes treatment were not significant differences between these groups. Conclusion: This study showed that prevalence of diabetic nephropathy was higher than other studies, although there were not significant differences between FBS, HbA1c and hypertension in patients with and without diabetic nephropathy.

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Background and Objective: Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease that characterized by reduced bone strength. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of effective factors in decreased bone density and secondary causes of osteoporosis.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was done on 105 patients (76 female and 29 male) suffering from osteoporosis, evaluated in the endocrinology Department of Sina hospital, Tabriz- Iran from March 2003 to March 2006. Past medical history clinical symptoms and biochemical results were of patients. Data analyzed using SPSS-14  and chi square test.

Results: Osteoporosis and osteopenia were seen in 55% and 45% of patients with reduced bone density, respectively. Daily calcium intake in patients with less than 400 mg, between 400-1000 mg and more than 1000 mg were 63.8%, 31.9% and 3.4%, respectively. The mean±SD of sera calcium and vitamin D level were 9.5±0.6 mg/dl, 45±37.1 nmol/l respectively. 61.2% of patients had vitamin D deficiency. 33% of patients had secondry osteoprosis. Among the patient with primary osteoprosis 11.3% afflicted to hyper claciuria.

Conclusion: This study showed that decresing bone density was more prominate in women. The rate of daily calcium intake among patients were low. It is sugested these patients osteoprosis could be prevented by consumption food nutrient rich in calcium and vitamin D suplementation.

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Background and Objective: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common cause of liver disease worldwide and it is defined as a disorder of excess fat accumulation in the liver. This study was done to determine the prevalence of fatty liver among overweight, obese and normal children.
Methods: This historical cohort study was conducted on 90 children ages 5 to 13 years old in Taleghani pediatric theching hospital in Gorgan, north of Iran during 2014. Subjects according to Body Mass Index (BMI) classified into obese (95%>BMI), over weight (85-95% BMI) and normal (5-85% BMI). Childern were matched for age and sex. Liver enzymes (ALT Alanine aminotransferase and AST (Aspartate aminotransferase) and lipid profile includingTriglyceride: TG (High Density Lipoprotein: HDL and (Low Density Lipoprotein: LDL were measured and fatty liver evaluated based on sonographic parameters by a radiologist who didnot know children's BMI.
Results: The prevalence of fatty liver was 23.3% in obese children that was non- significantly higher than normal (16.7%) and over weight (16.7%) children. The prevalence of fatty liver was not significantly different between two sexes. AST was significantly higher in children with normal BMI in compared to obese and over weight children (P<0.05). The highest and lowest level of cholesterol was seen in obese and normal children (P<0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that the prevalence of fatty liver non-significantly was higher in obese children in comparision with normal and over weight children.

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Arachnoid cysts have primary and secondary types. The prevalence of Arachnoid cysts is about 1% of all tumors in cranial cavity. Based on anatomic position, arachnoid cyst can cause different clinical manifestations including hemiparesis, increase intracranial pressure, macrocephaly and isolated headache and stop body growth. The natural course of the disease is not exactly clear. Some of patients have no symptoms during life and some of them may show some symptoms after a while. This case report is about a 10 years boy who had no sign except generalized headache. Anatomic position of the cyst was in right temporal lobe of the brain on the temporal, parietal and the great wing of sphenoid bones. Arachnoid cyst diagnosed through MRI and CT-Scan. Patient treated with ibuprofen for three days and then patient followed up to treat with surgery method when other clinical symptoms appeare in the patient.

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Background and Objective: Chlamydia, a zoonotic bacterial agent, is a major concern for both human and avian public health. This bacterium belongs to the family Chlamydiaceae, with 11 identified species. The Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) species is shared between animal hosts and humans. Ornamental birds are among the hosts of C. psittaci. This bacterium causes respiratory and gastrointestinal problems in these birds. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of chlamydial infection in ornamental birds in Urmia, Iran.
Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 60 fecal swabs collected from 60 ornamental birds in Urmia. Giemsa staining and molecular polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, using genus-specific primers to amplify a 580-base pair (bp) fragment of the ompA gene, were performed on the samples.
Results: The Chlamydia molecule was detected in 11.7% of budgerigars with gastrointestinal symptoms and in 5.88% of apparently healthy budgerigars. Additionally, the infection was detected in 11.11% of cockatiels, 14.28% of mynahs, 20% of canaries, and 11.11% of finches, but not in other species.
Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate the presence of the Chlamydia bacterium in ornamental birds in Urmia, which can be considered a source of infection for gastrointestinal diseases.