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Background and Objective: The increasing usage of cell phones, have raised concerns about the potential effects of these waves on the health of individuals. In the present research the effect of mobile phone radiation on the expression of DAZL gene in BALB/c mice were studied.
Methods: 18 male mice were divided into three groups: Control, sham-exposed and experimental. Experimental mice were exposed to mobile waves for 2 hours daily, during 3 weeks. After 3 weeks, the testes were excised and RNA extraction and Real-Time PCR were performed. Sperm counts in deferen channel and the study of sperm motility in epididymis were done.
Results: The percentage of non-progressive sperm motility significantly increased in experimental group in compared to control group (P<0.05).The level of DAZL gene expression in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). Weight of the testis, percentage of live sperm, percentage of rapid progressive sperm motility and percentage of slow progressive sperm motility non-significantly reduced in experimental group in comparison with controls.
Conclusion: Exposure to cell phone waves for 21 days and 2 hours a day impairs spermatogenesis by reducing the quality and motility of sperm and also reduction of expression of DAZL gene.

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One of the main spermatogenesis events is the replacement of histones with small proteins called protamines, which leads to chromatin's condensation in the sperm nucleus and protects it against possible damage. Today, tests such as aniline blue (AB), toluidine blue (TB), and chromomycin A3 (CMA3) staining are used based on different characteristics to evaluate sperm chromatin compaction. For the assessment of DNA fragmentation in sperm, several tests such as 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), TUNEL, Comet, sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA), sperm chromatic dispersion (SCD), and acridine orange have been introduced that directly and indirectly assay DNA damage. The articles in PubMed and Google Scholar, as well as related books, from 2007 to 2022, were collected and reviewed based on keywords 8-OHdG, TUNEL, Comet, SCD, and acridine orange. So far, many studies have been conducted at the treatment level and on sperm chromatin tests, but the number of cases published so far is limited. Various sperm samples have been used in different studies, with different threshold limits in the tests. The sixth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) book notes that each laboratory has its threshold limit. Therefore, in this review study, common methods of evaluating chromatin packaging and DNA damage are introduced, and the advantages and disadvantages of each test are discussed based on the latest achievements related to infertility.

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Background and Objective: A basic factor in the reduction of fertility levels is delayed fertility. This research was carried out in Khorramabad, Lorestan Province, Iran.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 535 married women aged 15-49 years in Khorramabad. The data were collected face-to-face through a cross-sectional survey in 2020 using a researcher-made questionnaire between September and December 2019. This study used the Kaplan-Meier test to determine the childlessness survival time. A logistic parametric model with the gamma shared frailty distributions was employed to analyze its determinants.
Results: The mean of childlessness survival time was 31.76 months, with a median of 24 months. Women in the age group of 15 to 30 years, women with university education, women who married at the age of less than 25 years, and women with a higher sense of socioeconomic insecurity had a longer childlessness survival time (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Childlessness was evaluated as low in Khorramabad. Only 2% of the women remained childless after 10 years of marriage.