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Background and Objective: Destructive effects of thyroid diseases in pregnancy and fetal frowth is well established subclinical autoimmune thyroid diseases can double the rate of preterm labor, abortion and postpartum thyroiditis. This study was done to compare thyroid function and autoimmunity derangment in goiterous and non-goiterous pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This case – control study was done on 100 healthy and 100 goiterous pregnant women in Dezyani hospital located in Gorgan, Northern Iran during 2005. Five mililiter of blood sample was obtained from each subject to measure thyroid hormones concentration including T3/ T4/ TSH/ T3 RUP and thyroid autoantibodies (Anti Tg/Anti TPO). Thyroid hormone and auto antibodies were measured using IRMA and ELISA techniques. Results: Thyroid volume was enlargel twice and tripl of its orginal size in 34% and 66% goitrious pregnant women respectively. Mean serum TSH in cases and controls were 1.81+/-1.33 microU/ml and 1.84+/-1.4 microU/ml respectively. The mean of Anti TPO and Anti Tg in cases were 373.91+-197.36 U/ml and 248.80+-70.59 U/ml respectively. The same indecs for controls were 79.52+-63.99 U/ml and 248.80+-70.59 U/ml respectively. In pregnant women with goiter 36% had high Anti TPO and 9% had high Anti Tg, but in control group 16% and 4% of controls had elevated Anti TPO and Anti Tg, respectively. Conclusion: According to thyroid function tests there were elevation of antibody in 20% of the healthy subjects and 45% of the goiterous subjects, therefore it is advisable to measure thyriod function tests accompanied with thyriod antibodies in all pergnant women either with or without goiter in order to prevent feto-maternal disorders.

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Background and Objective: Sodium levothyroxine is one of the common medicines used for treatment of hypothyroidism and thyroid cancer. The study was done to determine the effect of sodium levothyroxine on knee articular cartilage tidemark integrity, plateau tibia cartilage thickness (calcified and non-calcified) and liver enzymes in induced hypothyroidism rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 50 adult female BALB/c mice, weighting 25-30 grams were randomly allocated into one control and four experimental groups. Animals in control did not receive any medicine. Animals in the second group were received different increasing doses of sodium levothyroxine daily for 8 weeks. Animals in the third group were received constantly high dose of levothyroxine daily for 8 weeks. In the fourth group, the animals became hypothyroid with propylthiouracil (PTU). In the fifth group, animals with hypothyroidism were received sodium levothyroxine by gavage same as group 2. After 8 weeks serum samples were taken to determine ALT, AST and ALP. The plateau tibia cartilage stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Histologic changes evaluated by light microscopy. Using a light microscope equipped with camera, the samples were photographed and using a computer equipped with axiovision software. Cartilage (calcified and non-calcified) thickness measured in micrometer. The integrity of tidemark line on hematoxylin-eosin staining also evaluated.
Results: The results of the present study showed separation, disruption and destruction in tidemark line in group 3 (the group with high dosage of sodium levothyroxine from the beginning of the treatment). The total cartilage and non-calcified part thickness in groups 3, 4, 5 were reduced and in group 3 showed significant reduction (P<0.05). Calcified cartilage thickness in all groups were reduced and in group 3 showed significant reduction (P<0.05). ALT level decreased in all groups compared to control group but only in the second and third groups, the decrease of ALT was significant (P<0.05). AST serum level in all groups significantly increased in compared to control group (P<0.05). ALP serum level in all groups increased compared to the control group, but this increase was significant only in the groups 4, 5.
Conclusion: Consumption of sodium levothyroxine with constantly high dose can cause severe alteration in knee joint cartilage in hypothyroidism rats.

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Background and Objective: Diabetes is one of the most common non-communicable diseases with debilitating complications and mortality rate those results from insulin deficiency, resistance to it or both. The role of nutrition and some micronutrients in the development and progression of diabetes has been investigated. Studies have shown that Magnesium deficiency can reduce insulin secretion and cell resistance. This study was done to determine the association of serum Magnesium level with glycemic control, serum lipids and renal function in type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetic patients.
Methods: This case-control study was done on 70 patients with type 2 diabetes, pre-diabetes and 35 healthy individuals. Fasting glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, creatinine and Magnesium were determined.
Results: Serum Magnesium level in diabetic and pre-diabetic patients were significantly lower than control group (P<0.05). Serum Magnesium level had reverses correlation with HbA1c in diabetic patients. Serum Magnesium level had reverse correlation with glycemic index (FBS, 2hpp) and creatinine in control group (P<0.05) were evaluated in all groups but there was no significant correlation between Renal function test (Cr, eGFR) and serum Mg level.
Conclusion: Serum Magnesium levels in diabetics and pre-diabetics were lower than healthy individuals and had reverse correlation with HbA1c in diabetic patients.

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Background and Objective: Weight regain following bariatric surgery is a significant challenge for this obesity treatment method. This study aimed to identify factors associated with weight regain after bariatric surgeries in obese patients in Gorgan, Iran.
Methods: This longitudinal study included 143 obese individuals (125 women and 18 men) with a mean age of 43.13±9.83 years who underwent bariatric surgery in Gorgan, Iran during 2013-19. Participants were invited to join the study via phone calls. Research variables (type of surgery, blood group, pre-surgery weight, and body mass index [BMI]) were extracted from patient records, and their current weight and waist circumference were measured and recorded. Weight regain was determined based on one of three different criteria: (1) regaining more than 25% of the maximum weight lost post-surgery, (2) regaining more than 10 kg from the minimum weight post-surgery, or (3) an increase of more than 5 BMI units from the lowest BMI post-surgery.
Results: Overall, 33% of individuals experienced weight regain, with 26.6% according to the first definition, 29.4% according to the second definition, and 18.2% according to the third definition. Men had a higher rate of weight regain (P<0.05). Additionally, 93.6% (44 cases) of those with weight regain had abdominal obesity. On average, 79.7% of participants who were 48 months post-bariatric surgery experienced some degree of weight regain. Individuals with a pre-surgery BMI of 50 or higher had a 2.69 times greater chance of weight regain compared to those with BMI lower 50 (P<0.05). The mean weight loss after surgery was significantly higher in individuals who experienced weight regain than those who did not (P<0.05). There was no significant statistical association between weight regain and the type of surgery, age, education level, marital status, or blood group.
Conclusion: Weight regain over time is a reality after bariatric surgery, indicating that this method is not a definitive cure for obesity. Therefore, long-term follow-up for weight control is crucial, especially for individuals with a pre-surgery BMI of 50 or higher or those who experienced significant weight loss post-surgery.