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Background and Objective: Onosma dichroanthum Boiss. is one of the most important mountainous medicinal plants in Iran. This study was done to determine the biomechanical evaluation of root extract ointment of Onosma dichroanthum Boiss. on wound healing in rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 18 male adult Wistar rats were randomly allocated into control (I), vehicle (II) and treated group with ointment containing of extract 1% of root of Onosma dichroanthum Boiss., (III). 20 mm vertical skin incision wound were made on rats back side. The assessment of the wound healing was carried out at day 14. At the end of study, rats were sacrificed, skin sample were extracted and evaluated by biomechanical method (maximum force, elastic stiffness, energy absorption). Results: There was no significant difference in biomechanical parameters among the treated, vehicle and control groups. Conclusion: Topical application of Onosma dichroanthum Boiss. root have no effect on healing of skin wound in animal model.

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Background and Objective: Para-nonylphen as an environmental pollutant has weak estrogenic activity and causes oxidative stress in different organs including testis. This study was done to determine the protective effect of vitamin E on the para-nonylphenol induced-testicular toxicity in adult rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups including control, vitamin E (100 mg/kg/day, orally), para-nonylphenol (250mg/kg/day, orally) and finally para-nonylphenol (250mg/kg/day, orally) plus vitamin E (100mg/kg/day, orally). After 56 days of treatment, removal of the right testis, tissue processing and staining with Heidenhain's Azan, the morphometric parameters of testicular tissue was evaluated using stereological method. Results: The mean volume of seminiferous tubules, height of the germinal epithelium, seminiferous tubules diameter, thickness of the basement membrane, number of spermatocyte, spermatid and sertoli cells significantly reduced in para nonylphenol group compared to the controls (P<0.05). These parameters were significantly increased in the para-nonylphenol plus vitamin E group compared to para nonylphenol group (P<0.05). In the histopathological examination, atrophy of seminiferous tubules, germinal epithelium vacuolation and epithelial disarrangement were observed in para nonylphenol group. Histopathological alterations reduced in para-nonylphenol plus vitamin E group compared to para nonylphenol group. Conclusion: Co-administration of vitamin E with para nonylphenol can prevent the adverse effects of para nonylphenol on the testicular tissue in adult rats.

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Background and Objective: Chrysin is a natural and active biological component which is extracted from plants, honey and propolis. Chrysin has anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant propertis. This study was done to evaluate the effect of chrysin on AGS human gastric cancer cell line. Methods: In this descriptive - analytic study, chrysin was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and the cytotoxic effects of concentrations of 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 ,50, 60, 70, 80, and 100 µM/ml of chrysin on AGS cells was evaluated. Viability of the cells was determined with MTT assay after 24, 48 and 72 hours and compared to controls. Results: Chrysin inhibited the growth and proliferation of human gastric cancer AGS cell line. The antiproliferative effect of chrysin was dose and time dependent. The IC50 values were determined for 60, 30 and 20 µM, in incubation time of 24, 48 and 72 hour, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: Chrysin proved to have antiproliferative activity on human gastric cancer cells in culture medium.

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Background and Objective: The flowers of Citrus aurantium L. are traditionally used in the treatment of neurological disorders such as seizures, epilepsy and neurasthenia. With regard to the importance of nausea and vomiting and effects of strengthening the stomach of Citrus aurantium L. extract, this study, was done to determine the antiemetic effect of the metabolic, aesthetic and aqueous extract of flowers of Citrus aurantium L. in young chickens.

Methods: In this experimental study, induction of emesis was performed in 138 young chickens
(23 groups, n=6) using copper sulfate (60 mg/kg, orally) and ipecac (600 mg/kg, orally). The aqueous, methanolic and acetonic extract at doses of 50, 100 and 250 mg/kg/bw were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) and metoclopramide (as positive control). The number of nausea was recorded 50 and 20 minutes after copper sulfate and ipecac administration, respectively.

Results: Our results showed that all kind of extract at doses of 100 and 250 mg/kg significantly inhibited copper sulfate and ipecac induced–emesis that showed better effect than metoclopramide. Also, comparison of antiemetic effect of different extract revealed that methanolic, aqueous and acetonic had better effect on prevention of nausea, respectively in comparision with metoclopramide.

Conclusion: All kinds of Citrus aurantium (Methanolic, Aesthetic and Aqueous) showed antiemetic effect due to copper sulfate and ipecac dose dependly in Young chickenin in comparision with metoclopramide.

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Background and Objective: Medicinal drug interactions are one of the problems caused by irrational drug prescription. It eigher change the therapeutic effect or cause drug toxicity. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of medicinal drug interactions in medicinal prescriptions in Golestan province, north of Iran.

Methods: In this descriptive study, 1100000 medicinal prescriptions under contract with the Golestan province health insurance organization were assessed for drug interactions during 20 March-
20 September 2012.

Results: Drug interactions frequency was 6262 (0.66%). 35.5%, 63.1% and 1.4% of prescriptions were severe, moderate and mild interactions, respectively. The most common severe, moderate and mild drug interactions related to Atorvastatin-Gemfibrozil (13.67%), Ceftriaxone- Gentamicin (9.05%) and Lithium Carbonate-Haloperidol (2.56%).

Conclusion: In view of moderate and severe medicinal drug interactions in physicians' prescriptions, health system should plan a comprehensive program to improve awareness and effective monitoring to reduce medicinal drug interactions.

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Background and Objective: HIV treatment influences the global health and finding new compounds against HIV virus is increased. This study was done to evaluate anti-HIV activity of 8-phenyl-4-quinolone derivatives containing different substituents at position 3.

Methods: In this descriptive study, single cycle replicable (SCR) HIV Virions were produced by co-transfecting HEK 293T cells with pmzNL4-3, pSPAX.2, pMD2.G plasmids. HeLa cells were infected with the SCR virions and then inhibit of virus replication by compounds were measured by p24 Antigen with ELISA kit. The cytotoxicity of these compounds on HeLa cells were measured by XTT method.

Results: All compounds including NPZ_4F, NPZ-2F, NPZ-4CL and NPZ-2CL had the best inhibitory effect at a concentration of 100µM with the inhibition rate of respectively 51%, 48%, 33%, and 25%, respectively. The compounds of NPZ-4F and NPZ-2CL had negligible cellular toxicity and have inhibited HIV replication at the highest concentration. This issue can make them a valuable compound since they are better compounds in therapeutic terms, which at a suitable concentration, they have the lowest rate of cellular toxicity and highest power to inhibit HIV replication.

Conclusion: Novel compounds derived from 8-phenyl-4-quinolone containing different substituents at position 3 can prevent HIV replication which is capable of high anti-viral and low cellular toxicity and suitable candidates for further investigation in antiviral studies.

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Background and Objective: Aloe Vera is considered as one of herbs causes oxidative indexes modification due to antioxidant properties. On the other hands, High-fat diets (HFD) cause liver disorders prevalence. This study was done to evaluate the protective effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Aloe Vera gel on enzymes and liver tissue structure of high-fat diet rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 40 adult male rats were allocated in five groups including control, sham (HFD 10 ml/kg) and three experimental groups receiving HFD with doses of 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg/bw of Aloe Vera gel extract. Prescriptions were conducted by gavage and for 60 days. Blood samples were collected to measure AST, ALT and ALP enzymes. Liver removed subsequently and following preparing tissue sections liver cells were counted.
Results: High-fat diet significantly increased ALP and ALT enzymes (P<0.05). High-fat diet significantly increased the number of Kupffer cells and reduced of hepatocytes in compared to control group (P<0.05). High-fat diet caused liver tissue alterations including blood congestion, inflmation; Vacuole breakdown, apoptosis, and ballooning of hepatocytes. On the other hand, the consumption of Aloe Vera with high-fat diet caused reduction in tissue changes and a significant decrease in the serum levels of ALP and ALT enzymes in compared to control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: High-fat diet by damaging the liver tissue  increased  the serum levels of ALP and ALT enzymes and Aloe Vera extract with its anti-oxidant characteristic prevent the effect of a high-fat diet on the liver tissue and reduced the ALP and ALT enzymes.

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Background and Objective: Paraquat is a common agricultural herbicide that is a strong stimulus in superoxide anions foundation. Due to the adverse effects of the free radicals, the anti oxidant compounds such as Saffron seem necessary as antioxidants and removing the free radicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the regeneration effect of Saffron on the liver damaged with paraquat in male mice.
Methods: In this experimental study, 36 male mice were randomly allocated into 6 groups. Animals in group one were received normal food, water and corn oil. Secound and third groups of mice were treated at a dose of 20, 40 mg/kg/bw paraquat, respectively. Animals in the fourth group were received Saffron at a dose of 80 mg/kg/bw. Animals in fifth and sixth two groups were treated with paraquat treated at a dose of 20, 40 mg/kg/bw and Saffron (80 mg/kg/bw), orally, per day. At the end of 30 days the mice were anesthesia and blood samples were prepared for measurement of AST and ALT in sera and livers were removed for measurment of MDA, FRAP, katalaze concentration and half of liver was transfer to formaline for histopathological study.
Results: Cell necrosis and inflammation was found in the liver of mice treated with paraquat, also the level of AST, ALT and MDA was significantly increased in compared to controls (P<0.05). Also the level of AST, ALT and MDA and histopathological alterations of liver in animals treated with paraquat at a dose of 20, 40 mg/kg/bw and Saffron (80mg/kg/bw) were significantly reduced in compared to paraquat group.
Conclusion: Saffron (80 mg/kg/bw, orally) improves liver dysfunction in mice exposed with paraquat.

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Background and Objective: Finding the pain relieving substances is one of the important aims of biological researches. This study was done to evaluate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory effects of Hyssopus officinalis extract in mice.
Methods: In this experimental study, 100 male adult mice were allocated into 5 experimental groups including control group receiving only normal saline and groups that received extract of Hyssopus officinalis at doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg/bw, and positive control group in formalin test received morphine in acute and chronic phase of experiment and positive control group in anti-inflammatory test received dexamethasone. Formalin-induced paw licking was used to determine the anti-nociceptive activity of Hyssopus officinalis extract. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by Xylene test.
Results: In the acute phase of pain (the first 5 minutes), doses of 50 and 75 mg/kg/bw (7.75±2.3, 8.75±2.1) of the Hyssopus officinalis extract significantly reduced the number of feet raised (P<0.05). Also, in the chronic phase of pain (20 min second), 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg/bw of doses (17.25±2.3, 11.75±2.9, 2.7±10.75) and morphine significantly reduced the duration of foot lift (P<0.05). The extract of Hyssopus officinalis with three doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg/bw (13.33±3.1, 20±3.1, 19.83±2.8) showed high anti-inflammatory activity against Xylene induced ear edema (P<0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that Hyssopus officinalis extract can inhibit pain and inflammation in animal model.

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Background and Objective: Increasing interest has been devoted to the design and discovery of more effective anticancer agents in current medicinal chemistry because of the high prevalence of cancer in different societies and resistance occurrence to existing anticancer drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticancer activity of two novel quinoline compounds (RQ1 and RQ2) on human gastric cancer cells.
Methods: In this descriptive - analytic study, the anticancer effects of the compounds were evaluated by MTT assay. This test was performed on two categories of gastric cancer cells sensitive to Danorubicin (EPG85-257P) and resistant to Danorubicin (EPG85-257RDB). The arresting mechanism in the G2 / M phase of the cell cycle and the induction of apoptosis by the compounds was investigated using the PI test and flow cytometric analysis.
Results: Novel quinoline derivatives RQ1 and RQ2 showed good anticancer effects on both sensitive and resistant human gastric cancer cells (IC50=25-38mM). Compound RQ2 showed the most cytotoxic activity on the Danorubicin-sensitive cancer cell line with IC50=25mM. The percentage of Danorubicin resistant gastric cancer cells (EPG85-257RDB) in the G2 / M phase at 25mm concentration of RQ1 and RQ2 was 35.95 and 34.88, respectively, and 41.1% and 42.89% of these cells, after treatment with 50mm concentration of RQ1 and RQ2 arrested at the G2 / M phase respectively.
Conclusion: The two novel quinoline compounds, RQ1 and RQ2 showed strong anticancer effect on both sensitive and resistant human gastric cancer cell lines.

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Background and Objective: Lead is one of the most toxic environmental pollutants, which is very dangerous for living creatures, including humans. Therefore, the use of various compounds such as nanochitin to remove lead from aquatic environments has been considered in recent years. This study was performed to determine the effect of nanochitin on the Tissue absorption rate of lead acetate in the liver of rats.
Methods: This experimental study was performed on 15 Wistar rats with a weight of 150-180 grams and an age of 8-10 weeks. The animals were allocated into three groups including control group, the lead group, and the nanochitin and lead simultaneously group. Animals were received lead and nanochitin by gavage for six weeks. Then liver tissue was removed and lead concentration was measured with an atomic absorption device. Liver tissue was prepared for hematoxylin-eosin staining and then examined under an optical microscope.
Results: The mean lead concentration in the liver tissue of the control, lead and the nanochitin and lead simultaneously groups were 8.1±0.45, 45.41±4.73, and 17.06±0.83 mic/g, respectively. The concentration of lead in the lead group increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, the hepatic concentration of lead in the nanochitin and lead simultaneously group significantly reduced in compared to lead group (P<0.05). Histopathological studies showed a reduction in tissue lesions including degeneration and necrosis of liver hepatocytes, hypertension, and severe congestion in liver tissue in the nanochitin and lead simultaneously group in compared to lead group.
Conclusion: Nanochitin without adverse effects on liver tissue can increase the removal and inhibit the absorption of lead in rats liver tissue.

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Background and Objective: Chronic use of opioids leads to analgesic tolerance. Protein kinase C (PKC), adenylyl cyclase (AC), nitric oxide (NO) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) are involved in morphine tolerance. Lithium activates the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway that inhibits GSK-3β and reduces morphine-induced tolerance. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of lithium on morphine dependence symptoms and tolerance of its analgesic effects in Swiss mice by GSK-3β signaling.
Methods: This experimental study was performed on 56 Swiss male albino mice that were randomly allocated into 8 groups (each containing 7 mice). The intraperitoneal injection of morphine at different concentrations (50, 50 and 75 mg/kg) and different hours (08:00, 11:00 and 16:00, respectively) was performed for 4 days, and a single dose 50 mg/kg was administered on the 5th day. The effects of three doses of lithium (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg) given orally, 45 min before morphine injections on morphine-induced analgesic tolerance were evaluated. To evaluate analgesia latency on day 1, 3 and 5, tail flick and hot plate tests were done. The brain of each animal was removed to measure nitrite levels, and histological evaluation and immunohistochemistry for p-glycogen synthase (p-GSSer640) were performed on the last day of the study.
Results: Co-administration of lithium significantly increased the latency of analgesia in comparison with the morphine group on the 3rd and 5th day (P<0.05). Lithium reduced the morphine-induced increase of nitrite levels and also reduced brain damage. In addition, immunohistochemistry assay of p-GSSer640 indicated a significant reduction of the morphine-induced phosphorylation of GS at S640 by GSK in the lithium-treated mice.
Conclusion: Lithium administration can reduce morphine tolerance in adult male Swiss mice.