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Background and Objective: Hirschsprung’s disease is a congenital disorder, characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the intramural and submucosal plexus in distal parts of large bowel. Diagnosis is based on the histopathologic examination of hematoxilin and eosin stained sections. Due to diagnosis limitation by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining (H&E), this study was done to identify the ganglion cells by BCL-2 immunoreactivity and compared it with H&E staining. Materials and Methods: In this laboratory study, paraffin blocks of 36 specimens demonstrating ganglion cells on original H&E stained sections and 35 specimens lacking ganglion cells on H&E staining, were selected. Recuts were stained by H&E and BCL-2 methods. Results: Ganglion cells were observed in 36 cases by H&E staining but in BCL-2 staining ganglion cells were detected in 29 cases. In 35 cases reported negative for ganglion cells on H&E staining, ganglion cells were detected in 5 cases by BCL-2 method. Sensitivity, spesificity, positive and negative predictive values for BCL-2 method for diagnosis of hirshsprung’s disease were 81%, 86%, 85% and 86% respectively.discordancy (positive BCL-2, negative H&E) was 14%. Conclusion: Immunohistochemistry method using BCL-2 improve the accuracy of diagnosis in hirschsprung’s disease, when accompanied with H&E staining, particulary for negative slides.

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Background and Objective: Breast cancer is one of the most important malignant tumors world -wide and the second common cancer in the females. Breast cancer is associated with a number of environmental factors and genetic damages. Ki67 is a proto-oncogene which is activated in cell proliferation process. Ki67 is important in prognosis and response to chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the Ki67 gene expression in patients with breast cancer by immunohistochemistry method. Materials and Methods: This descriptive laboratory study was conducted on 80 breast cancer specimens from patients admitted to the hospitals in Sabzevar, Iran during 2005-09. Samples were fixed in formalin, the tissue processing was done and sections were stained by Hematoxilin and Eosin method. The malignancy was diagnosed by two pathologists blindly. Over expression of ki67 was determined with the immunohistochemistry method. Slides were scored into negative, weak, average and strong based on percentage of cells which were stained. The Data were analyzed by SPSS-11.5, Chi-Square and Fisher’s exact tests. Results: Ki67 proliferative marker was observed in 37 (46.3%) specimens with breast cancer. Sensivity of staining was one positive (+) in 15 cases, two positive (++) in 14 cases and three positive (+++) in 8 cases. There was a significant relationship between Ki67 gene expression and tumor type and tumor staging (P<0.05), but there was no significant relationship between Ki67 gene expression and tumor grade. Conclusion: It is concluded that, ki67 is expressed mostly in invasive and developed breast cancer.

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Background and Objective: The modern life condition has caused the human to be exposed to electromegnetic fields. Epidemiologic and animal laboratory studies have illustrated the adverse effects of electromegnetic fields on biologic systems. The aim of study was to assess the effects of low density electromegnetic on heart tissue of male rat. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 30 Wistar rats with weight of 10-150 gram and 5weeks age were used. Rats were allocated randomly in two aqual groups: case and control. Experimenal group rats were exposed to the electromegnetic field 8 hours a day for 2 months (50 HZ, 1 mili Tesla). After 2months the rats were sacrified, the heart tissues were removed and stained by H&E method. Results: There was not any altherations in cells and tissue of control groups. In experimental group there was a sever disruptions on heart tissue, polymorphysm of cardic myocyte nuclues with same hollow spaced in perinucluar, nuclear cytoplasem and fibrotic tissue. Also, the number and size of cells in case group were reduced. Cagulated necrosis and vacolization of cytoplasm of cardiac myocyte was observed in case group. Conclusion: This study showed that low density of electromegnetic Fields for two months durtion can cause pathological changes in cells and heart tissue of male rats.

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Background and Objective: Many studies have showed malformation of low frequency of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on different tissues. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of low frequency electromagnetic fields on the heart of white-leghorn chicken embryo. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 90 healthy, fresh and fertilized eggs were allocated into 6 groups including control, sham, and four preincubated experimental groups. Experimental groups I, II, III and IV (1.33, 2.66, 5.52 and 7.32 mT) were located in the electromagnetic device, sham group was located into the same coil with no exposure for 24h before incubation. Control, sham and experimental groups incubated (37±0.5 ºC, 60% humidity) for 14 days. Results: Disassembling cell regulation in experimental group I, dense nucleus of myocytes and increase of intercellular spaces in experimental group II, necrosis and bleeding in the heart tissue in experimental groups III and IV were seen in compare to control and sham groups. There was a significant increase in the level of activity of alkaline phosphatase in the heart of experimental groups in compare to control and sham groups. Conclusion: Low frequency of electromagnetic fields caused alternations in cardiac tissue and elevation of Alkaline phosphatase activity in chicken embryos.

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Background and Objective: Kombucha (fungal) tea is a sugar sweetened black tea obtained through a fermentation process containing symbiotic culture of acetic acid bacteria and yeasts. This study was done to determine the effect of Kombucha tea on rat liver histophatological alterations due to Thioacetamide (TAA). Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 20 adult male Wistar rats randomly allocated into four groups as follow: 1) control, 2) TAA group, treated with (TAA), (400 mg/kg/bw) for two weeks, 3) treated with (TAA), (400 mg/kg/bw) and then with Kombucha tea (50 mg/kg) and finally 4) preventive, treated with Kombucha tea, (50 mg/kg) and then (TAA), (400 mg/kg) for three weeks. The serum level of aminotransferase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total bilirubin were meseared and liver tissue samples were stained by hematoxilin and eosin. Results: Serum level of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH and total bilirubin significantly increased in TAA group compare to control group (P<0.05). Serum level of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH and total bilirubin significantly reduced in treated and protective groups in comparision with TAA group (P<0.05). Mitosis and apptosis increased in TAA group. These liver histopathological alterations reduced in terated and protective groups. Conclusion: Kombucha tea contains theraputic and protective effects on enzyms and liver histophatological damage due to Thioacetamide in rat.

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Background and Objective: Glycodelin expression in normal and cancerous human breast tissue and its relation with age, tumor type, microscopic grade and metastasis to axillary lymph nodes recently were noticed. This study was done to evaluate the glycodelin expression in breast cancer. Methods: In this descriptive study, 96 Paraffin-embedded blocks of malignant breast cancer by immunohistochemistry method were considered to evaluate the expression of glycodelin. Patients age,tumor size, tumor type, microscopic grade and metastasis to axillary lymph nodes were recorded for each subject. Results: Glycodelin was found in 30.45% of invasive carcinoma of the breast with axillary lymph node metastasis. Glycodelin was expressed in 72.7% of carcinoma of the breast without lymph nodes metastasis (P<0.05). There was a significant relation between glycodelin expression with microscopic grade 1 of tumor and metastasis to less than 4 of lymph nodes (P<0.05). Conclusion: Glycodelin expression can be evidence for lack of axillary lymph node metastasis of breast cancer.

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Background and Objective: Gastrointestinal polyps have pre-carcinomatous potential. In regard to increasing rate of gastrointestinal cancers and the relation between polyps with cancers, this study was done to determine the anatomical and histopathological distribution of gastrointestinal polyps in Gorgan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 290 patients with gastrointestinal polyps were undergoing colonoscopy or endoscopy in 5th Azar teaching hospital in Gorgan, northern Iran during 1999-2008. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic method. Gender and age was recorded for each patient. Results: 56.6% of patients were males 19.3% of polyps was diagnosed in the sixth decade of patient's age. The most frequent pathological type of gastrointestinal polyps was adenoma (54.1%) followed by hyperplastic (19.7%), acute inflammatory (13.8%) and young polyps type (11.4%). Tubular type with 63% was the most common type of adenoma polyp followed by various villouses (19.1%) and tubulovillous (17.9%). 87.2% and 12.8% of polyps were in colon and stomach, respectively. The most frequent anatomical position of polyps was rectum (30%) followed by sigmoid with 26/1%. Conclusion: Adenoma polyp in colon was the most common type in gastrointestinal tract.

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Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus can cause kidney histological changes. This study was done to evaluate the effect of barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L.) consumption during pregnancy in diabetic rats on kidney histological altrations of offsprings. Methods: In this experimental study, 60 adult female albino rats, randomly allocated into four groups including: healthy with regular meals consumption as control, healthy which consumed barley (10 grams per each rat per daily), diabetic with regular meals consumption and diabetic group which consumed barley (10 grams per each rat per daily). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg/bw of streptozotocin. After confirmation of pregnancy by observing the vaginal plug, on 21th day, the dams were anesthetized and embryos were removed. Crown rump length and weight of embryos were recorded. After kindney tissue processing, sections with 5 micrometer thickness were stained with H&E method. Results: Interstitial tissue and capillary congestion, Bowman's capsule wall thickening, degeneration of epithelial tissue, distal and proximal tubules, incomplete formation of glomerular and inflammation were observed in embryos of diabeticts group. These tissues alterations significantly reduced in the embryos of diabetic group which consumed barley. The crown rump length of embryos significantly reduced in diabetic group in comparision with controls. There was not any diferences in crown rump length of embryos between diabetic consumed barley and diabetic group. The weight of embryos was non - significantly more in diabetic groups than controls. The weight of embryos reduced non - significantly in diabetic plus barley consumption in comparision with controls. Conclusion: The consumption of barley is beneficial in reducing kidney histological alterations in embryos of diabetic rats.

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Background and Objective: Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive facultative intracellular non spore forming bacillus. The epidemiologic studies have shown that Listeria monocytogenes is the cause of abortion and abnormalities in human embryo. This study was done to determine the effect of listeria monocytogenes colonization on maternal and fetal liver and spleen in mice. Methods: In this experimental study, Inbred BALB/c dams allocated into case and control groups. Dams in interventional and control groups were received 200µL of 1.2 LogFCU/ml, Listeria monocytogenes and normal salin intraperitoneally, respectively. Few mice from each group were randomally selected and 5ml of blood collected, placenta, uterus liver and spleen were removed subsequently in 13 and 24 day of gestation and listeria monocytogenes colonization were determined. Liver and spleen of full term offsprings were stained for the histological studies. Results: L.monocytogenes strains were detected in different organs of mice damsup for 30 day of gestation. The higest and lowest of organ contamination were seen in liver and blood samples, respectively. The ratio of weight/volume of organ was higher in case than control groups. Hepatocytes degenration, hepatocyte size alteration, cell cord atrophy and sinusoid dilatation were seen in the liver. Disruption of red pulp, disorganization of lymphoid nodules and necrosis were noticed in the spleen. Conclusion: Contamination of BALB/c dams causes the histological alterations in the liver and spleen of offesprings.

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Background and Objective: Overweight and obesity are increasing in the last three decades indicates the strong influence of environmental factors. Fats are the most important sources of human food which is considered as one of the reason for obesity. Among the components of the diet, poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are resulting in obesity. This study was done to evaluate the effect of diets containing poly unsaturated fatty acid on body weight and colon macroscopic properties in rabbit. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 female rabbits were allocated into three experimental groups including short, medium and long term and control groups (three subgroups). Animals in experimental groups were received diet containing corn oil for one month (short term), two months (medium term) and three months (long term). Animals at the end of the first, second and third months, were weighed and dissected and taken biopsy from colon. The macroscopic properties of the samples including shape and arrangement of Haustration were evaluated. Results: Over weight was not in the long – term consumption of corn oil in comparison with controls, but Haustra organization in different parts of the colon were disappeard in experimental animals. Conclusion: The diet containing poly unsaturated fatty acid causes macroscopic alteration in rabbit colon.

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Background and Objective: Diabetic mellitus is one of the main health problems of diabetic subjects skin wound. This study was done to evaluate the effect of topical ointment produced from aqueous extract of grape seed (Vitis Vinifera) plus Eucerin on wound healing in diabetic rats.

Methods: In this experimental study, 48 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into control, first, second and third experimental groups. Animals in control group were received only buffer citrate, interaperitonally. Diabetes was induced by 55 mg/kg/bw of Streptozotocin in three experimental groups. Skin wound (2´3 cm²) was created in left side of the lumbar region in three experimental groups. Animals in experimental gourp 1 did not received any treatment. The wounds of animals in experimental group 2 were treated with topical ointment of Eucerin twice a day. The wounds of animals in experimental group 3 were treated with topical ointment of aqueous extract of grape seed plus Eucerin with a ratio of 3:1 for 21 days twice a day. Wound healing process was evaluated using macroscopic and histological method.

Results: The mean area and percentage of wound after treatment was significantly reduced in experimental group 2 and 3 in compare to experimental group 1 (P<0.05). The percentage of improvement wound healing was significantly increased in experimental groups 2 and 3 in compare to experimental group 1 (P<0.05). Synthesis of collagen fibers was increased in experimental group 3 in compare to experimental group 2 and 1.

Conclusion: Topical application of aqueous extract of grape seed with ointment of Eucerin accelerates skin wound healing in diabetic rats.

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Background and Objective: The electromagnetic field producer sets in daily life causes concerns about the adverse effects of such waves on human health. This study was done to evaluate the effect of cell phones microwaves on histologic structures of some visceral organs in rat.

Methods: In this experimental study, 80 immature Wistar male rats with weight of 100-140 gram and 5 to 6 weeks age were randomly allocated into 3 experimental groups and one control group. The experimental rats were exposed to cell phones microwaves 5 hours a day for 1, 2 and 3 months. The control group received no radiation. After the experimental period rats were sacrificed and the appropriate tissues of the lung, heart, liver, brain and pancreas were prepared. Sections in 5 µm thicknesses were stained by hematoxylin and eosin and studied microscopically.

Results: Histological changes including edema, inflammatory cell infiltration and cell degeneration in the lung and mild degeneration and coagulation necrosis of the myocardial cells in the heart were observed. Histopthological examination of the liver revealed dilation of central veins and sinusoids, vacuolization of hepatocytes and mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration. Limited changes were observed in pancreas and brain. Histological changes were increased in the groups that were exposed longer period of time to radiation.

Conclusion: This study indicated that the harmful effect of cell phones radiation on rat tissues depending on the duration of exposure.

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Background and Objective: Molybdenum trioxide (MoO₃) is a type of nanoparticle used in the industry as an antibacterial agent. The kidney is one of the most important organs in the body, responsible for filtering waste products and regulating blood factors that are affected by various agents. Due to the widespread use of MoO₃ in disinfecting operating room equipment and the importance of renal glomeruli in blood plasma purification, this study aimed to determine the effect of molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles on rat kidneys.
Methods: In this experimental study, thirty Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into five groups (n=6), including a control group, a sham group (receiving normal saline), and three experimental groups (receiving MoO₃ at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/bw IP). Intraperitoneal injections were given for 35 days. After the treatment period, the animals were anesthetized, and blood samples were collected from the heart. The right kidney was then removed, and after tissue preparation, the samples were examined by stereology to determine changes in the volume of cortex, medulla, urinary space, renal body, and glomeruli.
Results: Significant increases in urinary space volume were observed in the groups receiving MoO₃, and a decrease in medulla volume was observed in the group receiving a dose of 200 mg/kg/bw compared to the control and sham groups (P<0.05). A significant increase in cortex volume was observed in the group receiving nanoparticles at a dose of 50 mg/kg/bw compared to the control and sham groups. MoO₃ caused weight reduction in animals, as well as an increase in urea and a decrease in renal volume (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles can cause changes in the morphology of rats' kidneys.
 

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Background and Objective: Thyroid masses are one of the most common reasons for patients to visit endocrinology clinics. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is used to reduce thyroid surgery for benign lesions. This study was done to determine the diagnostic accuracy of FNA of thyroid mass(s) compared with histological results in Medical Centers, Gorgan, Iran.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 102 patients (12 males and 90 females) were diagnosed with a thyroid mass and referred for surgery to Medical Centers, Gorgan, Iran during 2020-21. FNA was performed, and the samples were sent to the pathology department for examination. The result of cytology was recorded in the checklist. According to cytology results, some patients were referred for surgery. Then, the surgical pathology results were compared with the cytology findings. In addition, the sensitivity and specificity of the results of the cytology of thyroid masses were calculated compared to the results of pathology.
Results: FNA, mass size, and the patient’s main complaint had a significant relationship with histological results (P<0.05). According to FNA findings compared to pathology, sensitivity was 74%, specificity was 88.1%, positive predictive value was 88.1%, negative predictive value was 74%, false positive rate was 12%, false negative rate was 26%, and accuracy was 80.4%.
Conclusion: FNA remains a key tool in evaluating thyroid nodule(s). Improving FNA techniques is necessary to increase the accuracy of FNA.