Effect of Eight Weeks of Corrective Exercises on Musculoskeletal Pain Level in 13-15 Year-Old Students: A Clinical Trial
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Ali Shafizadeh * 1, Farhad Shourie2 , Behnam Ghasemi3 , Sajad Bagherian4 |
1- Assistant Professor of Motor Development and Learning, Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. , shafizadeh_110@yahoo.com 2- M.Sc in Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran. 3- Associate Professor of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran. 4- Assistant Professor of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran. |
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Keywords: Exercise [MeSH], Musculoskeletal Pain [MeSH], Students [MeSH] Article ID: Vol26-23 |
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Type of Study: Original Articles |
Subject:
Rehabilitation
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Abstract: (66 Views) |
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic restrictions may have led to a decrease in physical activity levels across different age groups. Inactive students during the COVID-19 outbreak increased from 21.3% to 65.6%, and they have also been spending an additional 28 hours per week using devices such as mobile phones, tablets, and computers since the pandemic began. The prevalence of musculoskeletal pains in adolescents and school-aged children has increased, with an estimated prevalence of up to 40%. Musculoskeletal disorders, due to increased sedentary behavior, have led to decreased physical strength and compromised daily functioning for healthy growth and development in children. Musculoskeletal pains are caused by repeated pressure and overuse in doing various activities, ultimately leading to various musculoskeletal disorders that cause pain in muscles, bones, joints, ligaments, and tendons or surrounding structures, and are a major cause of individuals’ disability in doing activities. Students in virtual classes, while using electronic devices, may adopt specific postures that place parts of their body at the end of their range of motion, leading to muscle imbalances and postural changes in their body structure, causing pain, particularly in the upper extremities and spine. This study aimed to determine the effect of eight weeks of corrective exercises on musculoskeletal pain levels in 13-15-year-old students.
Methods
This clinical trial was conducted on 101 students aged 13 to 15 years with musculoskeletal pain in various parts of the body in Khuzestan province. Inclusion criteria included an age range of 13-15 years, the presence of any musculoskeletal pain, and good physical and mental health. A total of 120 samples, including 60 girls and 60 boys, were selected based on the Adolescent Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). This questionnaire measures the prevalence, severity, and impact of musculoskeletal symptoms. It consists of 9 body parts and 27 questions, with three questions about each body part. In this study, only the first question, which is related to the presence or absence of pain in each of the 9 body areas (neck, shoulder, elbow, hand, upper back, lower back, pelvis, knee, and ankle) over the past seven days, was examined.
The Adolescent NMQ was sent to selected students (200 girls and 200 boys) via Google Forum through social media on the school platform (Shad). All completed questionnaires were screened by the research team, and incomplete or inappropriate questionnaires were excluded. Finally, 380 questionnaires were usable out of the received questionnaires, from which 250 students with musculoskeletal pain in 5 body parts were selected as the research sample. Then, 120 students were selected based on a random number table and randomly divided into two equal groups of 60 in the control group and 60 in the intervention group by flipping a coin. During the training interventions, for some reasons, 9 people from the intervention group and 10 people from the control group were excluded from the study during the post-test and follow-up stages.
Musculoskeletal pain levels in the neck, shoulder, upper back, elbow-arm, wrist, lower back, knee, and ankle were compared in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up test.
The intervention group performed corrective exercises at home for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, and 40 minutes per session, while the control group received no intervention and continued their normal daily activities during these 8 weeks. The intervention group performed corrective exercises, including stretching, strengthening, mobility, and core stability exercises, for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 40 minutes per session. The intervention group performed the exercises with 5 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of main corrective exercises, including neck mobility, neck stretch, neck strengthening, shoulder mobility, shoulder stretch, modified push-ups, quadruped, pelvic mobility, cat-camel, hamstring stretch, and plank, and finally 5 minutes of cool-down.
Before starting the exercises and during the exercises, the researcher guided the subjects in the intervention group on how to perform the exercises correctly using pictures, educational clips, and educational explanations.
After 8 weeks of exercise, the Adolescent NMQ was sent to the subjects again, and they completed and returned it (post-test). This data collection method was repeated 8 weeks after the post-test as a follow-up test to determine the durability of the effects of corrective exercises.
Results
In comparing the pre-test results of the control and intervention groups, only musculoskeletal pain in the lower back showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.014). No statistically significant difference was observed for other variables. In the post-test, musculoskeletal pain in the neck, shoulder, upper and lower back, elbow, pelvis and thigh, knee, wrist, and ankle showed a statistically significant decrease among students in the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.001). In the follow-up test, only musculoskeletal pain in the shoulder of the intervention group showed a statistically significant decrease compared to the control group (P<0.027).
Musculoskeletal pain in the three measurement stages showed statistically significant differences in the neck (P<0.002), shoulder (P<0.001), upper back (P<0.002), elbow and arm (P<0.004), wrist (P<0.004), lower back (P<0.038), knee (P<0.001), and ankle (P<0.001) in the intervention group.
There was a statistically significant difference in the intragroup comparison between the pre-test and post-test of musculoskeletal pain in the intervention group in all parts. The decreased pain in the intervention group in the post-test compared to the pre-test was observed in the neck (35 people), shoulder (29 people), upper back (31 people), elbow and arm (31 people), wrist (30 people), lower back (27 people), knee (22 people), and ankle (25 people), and in the intervention group, 8 weeks of corrective exercises led to a decrease in musculoskeletal pains in all parts of the students compared to the pre-test. Also, in the intervention group, there was a statistically significant difference between neck pain (P<0.021), shoulder (P<0.001), upper back (P<0.021), elbow-arm (P<0.008), wrist (P<0.031), lower back (P<0.031), and knee (P<0.001) in the post-test compared to the follow-up, and these pairwise comparisons showed no statistically significant difference in the control group.
Conclusion
Based on the results of this study, a decrease in musculoskeletal pain in the neck, shoulder, upper back, elbow and arm, wrist, lower back, pelvis and thigh, knee, and ankle of 13-15-year-old students was observed after 8 weeks of corrective exercises in the post-test compared to the pre-test; however, these effects were not sustained at the follow-up time.
Ethical Statement
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of Shahrekord University (IR.SKU.REC.1401.022) and the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20220705055375N1).
Funding
This article has been extracted from the master’s thesis of Mr. Farhad Shoori in the field of Sports Science - Corrective Exercises at Shahrekord University.
Conflicts of Interest
No conflict of interest
Acknowledgement
We would like to thank all participants in the study.
Key message: Performing corrective exercises reduces musculoskeletal pain in the neck, shoulder, upper and lower back, elbow, knee, wrist, ankle, pelvis, and hips of 13-15-year-old students; however, this effect is not sustained when the exercises are stopped. |
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Shafizadeh A, Shourie F, Ghasemi B, Bagherian S. Effect of Eight Weeks of Corrective Exercises on Musculoskeletal Pain Level in 13-15 Year-Old Students: A Clinical Trial. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci 2024; 26 (3) :18-27 URL: http://goums.ac.ir/journal/article-1-4417-en.html
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