|
Fear of Childbirth among Pregnant Women of Various Ethnicities Referring to Comprehensive Health Service Centers in Gorgan, Iran (2023)
|
Fahimeh Tajari1    , Saba Poolaie2 , Fatemeh Mehravar3 , Akram Sanagoo *4 , Leila Jouybari5 |
1- B.A Student in Psychology, Member of Young Researchers Club, Faculty of Humanities, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran.
2- B.Sc Student in Midwifery, Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
3- Assistant Professor of Epidemiology, Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
4- Associate Professor in Nursing, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran. , sanagoo@goums.ac.ir
5- Professor in Nursing, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran. |
|
|
Abstract: (390 Views) |
Background and Objective: Fear of childbirth is a common problem during pregnancy. Previous studies have shown that pregnancy outcomes and experiences can significantly vary across various ethnic groups. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fear of childbirth among pregnant mothers of various ethnicities referring to comprehensive health service centers in Gorgan, Iran.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 341 pregnant women of Fars, Turkmen, and Sistani/Baluch ethnicities using a random sampling method at comprehensive health service centers in Gorgan during 2023. Data collection instruments consisted of a demographic and pregnancy characteristics form and the Childbirth Fear Questionnaire (CFQ; Zar and Wijma).
Results: The mean fear of childbirth score in pregnant women was determined to be 69.88±20.19 (severe fear). Among all studied groups, mild fear (21 individuals), moderate fear (100 individuals), severe fear (147 individuals), and clinical fear (73 individuals) were identified in 6.2%, 29.3%, 43.1%, and 21.4% of the pregnant women, respectively. The combined prevalence of severe and clinical fear of childbirth among pregnant women of Sistani/Baluch, Turkmen, and Fars ethnicities was determined to be 73%, 73.3%, and 52.2%, respectively, and this difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). A statistically significant relationship was observed among the variables of age, gestational period, and the level of satisfaction with prenatal care received at comprehensive health service centers (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Severe and clinical fear of childbirth is more prevalent among pregnant women of Sistani/Baluch and Turkmen ethnicities compared to the Fars ethnicity. |
|
Keywords: Pregnancy [MeSH], Prenatal Care [MeSH], Ethnicity [MeSH], Parturition [MeSH], Fear [MeSH], Delivery of Health Care [MeSH], Iran [MeSH]
Article ID: Vol27-19 |
|
|
Full-Text [PDF 557 kb]
(88 Downloads)
|
|
Type of Study: Original Articles |
Subject:
Health System
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| References |
1. O'Connell MA, Khashan AS, Leahy-Warren P, Stewart F, O'Neill SM. Interventions for fear of childbirth including tocophobia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jul;7(7):CD013321. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd013321.pub2. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 2. Scollato A, Lampasona R. Tokophobia: When fear of childbirth prevails. MJCP. 2013;1(1):1-18. https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/2013.1.893. [ Link] [ DOI] 3. Masoumi M, Elyasi F. Tokophobia in Fathers: A Narrative Review. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2021;15(1):e104511. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.104511. [ Link] [ DOI] 4. Striebich S, Mattern E, Ayerle GM. Support for pregnant women identified with fear of childbirth (FOC)/tokophobia - A systematic review of approaches and interventions. Midwifery. 2018 Jun;61:97-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2018.02.013. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 5. Söderquist J, Wijma B, Wijma K. The longitudinal course of post-traumatic stress after childbirth. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2006 Jun;27(2):113-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/01674820600712172. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 6. Fairbrother N, Thordarson DS, Stoll K. Fine tuning fear of childbirth: the relationship between Childbirth Fear Questionnaire subscales and demographic and reproductive variables. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2018 Feb;36(1):15-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2017.1396300. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 7. Dencker A, Nilsson C, Begley C, Jangsten E, Mollberg M, Patel H, et al. Causes and outcomes in studies of fear of childbirth: A systematic review. Women Birth. 2019 Apr;32(2):99-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2018.07.004. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 8. O'Connell MA, Leahy-Warren P, Kenny LC, O'Neill SM, Khashan AS. The prevalence and risk factors of fear of childbirth among pregnant women: A cross-sectional study in Ireland. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2019 Aug;98(8):1014-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13599. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 9. Webb R, Bond R, Romero-Gonzalez B, Mycroft R, Ayers S. Interventions to treat fear of childbirth in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2021 Sep;51(12):1964-77. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721002324. [ Link] [ DOI] 10. Flink IK, Mroczek MZ, Sullivan MJ, Linton SJ. Pain in childbirth and postpartum recovery: the role of catastrophizing. Eur J Pain. 2009 Mar;13(3):312-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.04.010. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 11. Ghooshchian S, Dehghani M, Khorsandi M, Farzad V. [The role of fear of pain and related psychological variables in prediction of cesarean labor]. J Arak Univ Med Sci J. 2011;14(56):45. [Article in Persian] [ Link] 12. Andaroon N, Kordi M, Kimiaei SA, Esmaeili H. [Relationship between Intensity of fear of Childbirth with choosing mode of delivery in Primiparous Women]. IJOGI. 2017;20(5): 68-75. https://doi.org/10.22038/ijogi.2017.9082. [Article in Persian] [ Link] [ DOI] 13. Liebler CA, Porter SR, Fernandez LE, Noon JM, Ennis SR. America's Churning Races: Race and Ethnicity Response Changes Between Census 2000 and the 2010 Census. Demography. 2017 Feb;54(1):259-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-016-0544-0. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 14. Abasi Z, Keshavarz Z, Abbasi-Shavazi MJ, Ebadi A, Esmaily H, Poorbarat S. Comparative Study of Reproductive Behaviors in Two Ethnicities of Fars and Turkmen in North Khorasan, Iran. JMRH. 2022; 10(1):3109-18. https://doi.org/10.22038/jmrh.2021.54439.1666. [ Link] [ DOI] 15. Rezaei A. [Ethnic dispersion in Mazandaran and Golestan]. National Studies Journal. 2001;9(3):257-80. [Article in Persian] [ Link] 16. Rahimi F, Rabiepor E, Alinejad V. [A comparative study of the fear of childbirth and childbirth experience of pregnant women with primiparous pregnancies in turkish and kurdish ethnicities referring to comprehensive health centers in naqdeh city in 2021]. Nursing and Midwifery Journal. 2023;21(1):25-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.61186/unmf.21.1.25. [Article in Persian] [ Link] [ DOI] 17. Phunyammalee M, Buayaem T, Boriboonhirunsarn D. Fear of childbirth and associated factors among low-risk pregnant women. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2019 Aug;39(6):763-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2019.1584885. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 18. Dashti T. [The Conceptology of Nation and Ethnic Nationality as an Element of Political Community (along with Scientific Indexes for Distinguishing the Level and Intensity of Ethnicity)]. Political International Researches. 2012;3(9):141-50. [Article in Persian] [ Link] 19. Heydarpour S, Zare E, Mehrabi E, Heidarpour F. Kolivand M. Comparison of primipara’s women perception of pain, fear and anxiety of vaginal delivery among Persian, Kurdish and Turkish women. J Clin Res Paramed Sci. 2015;4(3):e82039. [ Link] 20. Wijma K, Wijma B, Zar M. Psychometric aspects of the W-DEQ; a new questionnaire for the measurement of fear of childbirth. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 1998 Jun;19(2):84-97. https://doi.org/10.3109/01674829809048501. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 21. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva. 1992. [ Link] 22. Ahmed S. Frontotemporal dementia treatment: a review. IJBCP. 2017;5(4):1179-80. https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20162424. [ Link] [ DOI] 23. Johnson AR, Kumar MG, Jacob R, Jessie MA, Mary F, Agrawal T, et al. Fear of Childbirth among Pregnant Women Availing Antenatal Services in a Maternity Hospital in Rural Karnataka. Indian J Psychol Med. 2019 Jul-Aug;41(4):318-22. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpsym.ijpsym_292_18. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 24. Molgora S, Fenaroli V, Prino LE, Rollè L, Sechi C, Trovato A, et al. Fear of childbirth in primiparous Italian pregnant women: The role of anxiety, depression, and couple adjustment. Women Birth. 2018 Apr;31(2):117-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2017.06.022. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 25. Serçekuş P, Vardar O, Özkan S. Fear of childbirth among pregnant women and their partners in Turkey. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2020 Jun;24:100501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2020.100501. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 26. Barzegar N, Lotfi H, Hassan Abadi D, Rezavian MT. [Role of Ethnic and Religious Policies in Participation of Peoples in Security, Comprehensive Development and Convergence with Emphasis on the North and Northeast Turkmen]. Geography (Regional Planning), 2019; 9(34): 433-55. [Article in Persian] [ Link] 27. Laursen M, Hedegaard M, Johansen C. Fear of childbirth: predictors and temporal changes among nulliparous women in the Danish National Birth Cohort. BJOG. 2008 Feb;115(3):354-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01583.x. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 28. Hall WA, Hauck YL, Carty EM, Hutton EK, Fenwick J, Stoll K. Childbirth fear, anxiety, fatigue, and sleep deprivation in pregnant women. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2009 Sep-Oct;38(5):567-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2009.01054.x. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 29. Saisto T, Halmesmäki E. Fear of childbirth: a neglected dilemma. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2003 Mar;82(3):201-208. [ PubMed] 30. Najafi F, Abouzari-Gazafroodi K, Jafarzadeh-Kenarsari F, Rahnama P, Gholami Chaboki B. [Relationship between attendance at childbirth preparation classes and fear of childbirth and type of delivery]. Journal of Hayat. 2016; 21(4):30-40. [Article in Persian] [ Link] 31. Matinnia N, Faisal I, Hanafiah Juni M, Herjar AR, Moeini B, Osman ZJ. Fears related to pregnancy and childbirth among primigravidae who requested caesarean versus vaginal delivery in Iran. Matern Child Health J. 2015 May;19(5):1121-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-014-1610-0. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 32. Alizadeh-Dibazari Z, Abdolalipour S, Mirghafourvand M. The effect of prenatal education on fear of childbirth, pain intensity during labour and childbirth experience: a scoping review using systematic approach and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023 Jul;23(1):541. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-05867-0. [ DOI] [ PubMed] |
|
| Send email to the article author |
|
|
|
Tajari F, Poolaie S, Mehravar F, Sanagoo A, Jouybari L. Fear of Childbirth among Pregnant Women of Various Ethnicities Referring to Comprehensive Health Service Centers in Gorgan, Iran (2023). J Gorgan Univ Med Sci 2025; 27 (2) :83-92 URL: http://goums.ac.ir/journal/article-1-4522-en.html
|
