Jorjani Biomedicine Journal

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Background and objectives: Osteoporosis, a current silent epidemic, is of high importance due to its high prevalence and complications among women. It is a preventable disease whose high-risk population includes young girls. This study investigated the impacts of a health belief model-based education program about osteoporosis prevention on physical activity of junior high school students in in Kalaleh (Iran) during 2012.

Method: The present experimental study was conducted on 140 female students of the second-grade of junior high school in Kalaleh. The subjects were selected and allocated to the case and control groups (n = 70 each) using multistage random sampling. Data were collected through standard questionnaires on the application of health belief model in osteoporosis and physical activity. The collected data were analyzed with independent and paired t-tests in SPSS 16 version.

Results: There were no significant differences between the case and control groups in terms of household size and parents’ demographic characteristics. Before the intervention, the two groups had no significant differences in the mean scores of awareness and the health belief model constructs. However, the intervention could significantly increase the case group’s scores (P < 0.001). In addition, two months after the intervention, the mean scores of physical activity significantly increased in the case group (P < 0.001).

Conclusion: The health belief model-based education program was efficient in increasing the students’ awareness which in turn created a favorable attitude toward physical activity among the participants.

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Background and objectives: Anti-human immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody is produced against human IgG in various laboratory animals. The present study tried not only to produce anti-human IgG, but also to assess different antigen injection techniques leading to optimal production of anti-human globulin.

Methods: The antibody was separated from human serum using precipitation method with sodium sulfate. It was then purified through diethylaminoethyl Sepharose CL-6B  ion exchange chromatography. The purified IgG was mixed with Freund’s complete adjuvant and injected to two trios of rabbits either intramuscularly or subcutaneously. After the first injection, the animals received weekly injections of antigen with Freund’s incomplete adjuvant. The dose of antigen in each injection was 1.2 ml of purified IgG with a concentration of 115 µg/ml. Venous blood samples were taken from all rabbits and the produced anti-human globulin was evaluated by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID).

Results: According to the results of SRID, the diameter of the halo created by the antigen-antibody complex was significantly higher in the plate containing anti-human IgG produced after the intramuscular injections than after subcutaneous injections. The concentrations of anti IgG antibody were 83.40 and 72.28 µg/ml in intramuscular and subcutaneous methods, respectively.

Conclusion: Our findings suggested that compared to subcutaneous injections, intramuscular injections of human IgG are significantly more effective in inducing the production of anti-human IgG antibody.

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Background and objectives:

Almost 130 million infants are born each year, more than 8 million of whom

die before their first year of life. In the developing countries, two thirds of these deaths occur in the first month

of their life. Reduced infant mortality is among the Millennium Development indicators, and this rate is high

in Kalaleh city. This study aimed to identify the most common causes of infant death, so that the avoidable

deaths be prevented by offering intervention plans.

Methods:

information was collected with the designed form. The data were, then, coded and entered into the SPSS 17

software, and analyzed using independent statistical chi-square test.

In this study, all causes of infant death in Kalaleh city during 2003-2013 were investigated. The

Results:

prematurity (47.42%), congenital abnormalities (22.42%), and disasters and accidents (9.79%). 82.73%

of the infants weighed below 2500 g. 60% of the prematurity deaths occurred to primigravid women. There

388 infant deaths accounted for 83% of under-5 mortality. The most common causes of death include

was a statistically significant relationship between primigravity and prematurity infant death with a 95% confidence

(P=0.003). 74.74% of the infant deaths occurred in the first week, and 58.96% in the first 24 hours.

Conclusion:

As 38.4% of the infant deaths occurred in the first pregnancy, and 60% of prematurity deaths

happened to primigravid women, and there was a relationship between primigravity and prematurity infant

deaths, the importance of the particular care of these mothers comes into sight. Planning for teaching the im

of caring the primigravid mothers and making their families more sensitive about the significance of

portance

caring these mothers can be effective in reducing premature infant mortality.

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Background & Objective: Head lice infestation is a common disease in all ages with a worldwide distribution with considerable frequency in community centers such as schools. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of head lice infestation and it›s affecting factors in the rural school students of Kalaleh, in the academic year 92-93. Method: This study was a cross sectional, descriptive-analytic approach. The studied population consisted of 2500 students in rural schools of Kalaleh, studying in the academic year 1392-93. Data were collected via direct observation of experts and the checklist of Pediculosis. Data were then entered into and analyzed using SPSS version 17. Results: 157 of students (6.28%) had head lice with the highest frequency among the girls with 147 people. There was a statistically significant relationship between the place of residence, occupation, education level of parents, family size, education level, existence of a shower in homes, frequency of showering and brushing, a history of head lice infestation, the presence or absence of school health teachers and hair size (P<0.05). Conclusion: Pediculosis is still a public health problem in communities with poor life and health facilities. High prevalence of this issue among school students may be linked to factors such as lack of health educators in school and lack of adequate attention to personal hygiene.

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Background & Objective: Citrinin mycotoxin is produced by filamentous toxin producing fungi. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast has the ability to bind mycotoxins to its cell wall and thus reduce its toxicity. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of Citrinin mycotoxin and its reduction in wheat flour by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Method: In this study, 15 samples of wheat flour were randomly collected from the bakeries in the city of Babol. The amount of Citrinin contamination in samples was assessed by direct competitive ELISA measurement and then Saccharomyces cerevisiae was added to wheat flour. The amount of Citrinin contamination in the samples was measured by direct competetive ELISA for a second time. SPSS software (version 18), Kolmogrov-Smirnov test and paired t-test was used for statistical analysis of data. The significance level for all tests was considered less than 0.05. Results: The highest and lowest concentration of this toxin in the studied samples were 35.5 and 1.1 ppb respectively, and after the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on wheat flour, 0.8 and 30 ppb respectively. The statistical results showed that the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae decreased the amount of Citrinin in flour samples (P<0.05). Conclusion: Bread is among the most important and necessary food. To reduce its contaminating materials such as mycotoxins, less expensive and safe biological methods can be used.

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Background & Objective: Inability to measure exact exposure in epidemiological studies is a common problem in many studies, especially cross-sectional studies. Depending on the extent of misclassification, results may be affected. Existing methods for solving this problem require a lot of time and money and it is not practical for some of the exposures. Recently, new methods have been proposed in 1:1 matched case–control studies that have solved these problems to some extent. In the present study we have aimed to extend the existing Bayesian method to adjust for misclassification in matched case–control Studies with 1:2 matching.

Methods: Here, the standard Dirichlet prior distribution for a multinomial model was extended to allow the data of exposure–disease (OR) parameter to be imported into the model excluding other parameters. Information that exist in literature about association between exposure and disease were used as prior information about OR. In order to correct the misclassification Sensitivity Analysis was accomplished and the results were obtained under three Bayesian Methods.

Results: The results of naïve Bayesian model were similar to the classic model. The second Bayesian model by employing prior information about the OR, was heavily affected by these information.

The third proposed model provides maximum bias adjustment for the risk of heavy metals, smoking and drug abuse. This model showed that heavy metals are not an important risk factor although raw model (logistic regression Classic) detected this exposure as an influencing factor on the incidence of lung cancer. Sensitivity analysis showed that third model is robust regarding to different levels of Sensitivity and Specificity.

Conclusion: The present study showed that although in most of exposures the results of the second and third model were similar but the proposed model would be able to correct the misclassification to some extent.

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Background and objectives: Anabolic steroids are routinely consumed by athletes. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of Boldenone (BOL) on testicular tissue and the healing effect of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) hydroalcoholic extract in addition to physical exercise.
Methods: In the present case–control study, 42 male wistar rats were purchased and divided into 3 experimental groups. 28 rats were subjected to BOL injection and subsequently divided into 4 groups. The control group, Sham and 8-week BOL group which was also divided into 4 subsequent groups of controlling BOL complications after 8 weeks, untreated control, jujube extract and jujube extract along with physical exercise.
Results: In the present study we found that jujube extract exerted healing effects on all groups pf treated rats in addition to the exercise training groups.
Conclusion: Jujube extract along with physical exercise may exert healing effects on testicular tissue after administration of anabolic BOL steroid.